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Fish, Carl Russell

(Encyclopedia) Fish, Carl Russell, 1876–1932, American historian, b. Central Falls, R.I. From 1900 to his death he taught history at the Univ. of Wisconsin. Fish considered the Univ. of Wisconsin the…

Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers Hankey, 1st Baron

(Encyclopedia) Hankey, Maurice Pascal Alers Hankey, 1st Baron, 1877–1963, British soldier and civil servant. Educated at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, he served in the Royal Marines artillery (…

Point Four program

(Encyclopedia) Point Four program, U.S. foreign aid project aimed at providing technological skills, knowledge, and equipment to poor nations throughout the world. The program also encouraged the…

Foster, John Watson

(Encyclopedia) Foster, John Watson, 1836–1917, American diplomat, b. Pike co., Ind.; grandfather of John Foster Dulles. Foster practiced law (1857–61) at Evansville, Ind., and then served (1861–65)…

Darius II

(Encyclopedia) Darius II, d. 404 b.c., king of ancient Persia (423?–404 b.c.); son of Artaxerxes I and a concubine, hence sometimes called Darius Nothus [Darius the bastard]. His rule was not popular…

Langer, William Leonard

(Encyclopedia) Langer, William Leonard, 1896–1977, American historian, b. Boston. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1923 and began teaching there in 1927. Langer served in U.S. intelligence in…

Forbes, Duncan

(Encyclopedia) Forbes, Duncan, 1685–1747, Scottish statesman, known as Forbes of Culloden. As lord advocate of Scotland (1725–37) and lord president of the court of session (1737–47), his influence…

Nicholas III, pope

(Encyclopedia) Nicholas III, d. 1280, pope (1277–80), a Roman named Giovanni Gaetano Orsini; successor of John XXI. As a cardinal he made a great reputation in diplomacy, and he was a close confidant…

Ignatiev, Nikolai Pavlovich, Count

(Encyclopedia) Ignatiev, Nikolai Pavlovich, CountIgnatiev, Nikolai Pavlovich, Countnyĭkəlīˈ pävˈləvĭch ĭgnäˈtyəf [key], 1832–1908, Russian diplomat. He was sent to China as an envoy in 1859. There he…