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Nicolson, Sir Harold

(Encyclopedia) Nicolson, Sir Harold, 1886–1968, English biographer, historian, and diplomat, b. Tehran, Iran. Educated at Oxford, he entered the foreign office in 1909, and, until his resignation 20…

Kühlmann, Richard von

(Encyclopedia) Kühlmann, Richard vonKühlmann, Richard vonrĭkhˈärt fən külˈmän [key], 1873–1948, German diplomat. Appointed foreign secretary in Aug., 1917, he led the delegation that negotiated (Mar…

Garcetti, Eric Michael

(Encyclopedia) Garcetti, Eric Michael, 1971–, American politician, b. Los Angeles, grad. Columbia (B.A., 1993; M.A., 1993), stud. Oxford and London School of Economics. The son of Los Angeles…

Saracoğlu, Şükrü

(Encyclopedia) Saracoğlu, ŞükrüSaracoğlu, Şükrüshükrüˈ säräjˈōl&oomacr;ˌ [key], c.1890–1953, Turkish prime minister (1942–46). A lawyer, he became a political protégé of Kemal Atatürk and held…

Tufts University

(Encyclopedia) Tufts University, main campus at Medford, Mass.; coeducational; chartered 1852 by Universalists as a college for men. It became a university in 1955. Jackson College, formerly a…

Balkan Wars

(Encyclopedia) Balkan Wars, 1912–13, two short wars, fought for the possession of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire. The outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War for the possession of Tripoli (…

Roa, Raúl

(Encyclopedia) Roa, Raúl (Raúl Roa García)Roa, Raúlrä&oomacr;lˈ rōˈä [key], 1907–82, Cuban minister of foreign affairs (1959–76). A lawyer, he was also a university professor in the 1940s and…

Antonelli, Giacomo

(Encyclopedia) Antonelli, GiacomoAntonelli, Giacomojäˈkōmō äntōnĕlˈlē [key], 1806–76, Italian cardinal and statesman of the Roman Catholic Church, adviser to Pope Pius IX. He received the red hat of…

Malikshah

(Encyclopedia) MalikshahMalikshahmälˈēkshäh [key], 1055–92, third sultan of the Seljuks (see Turks). In 1072 he succeeded his father to head an empire that controlled parts of Arabia, Mesopotamia,…

Consalvi, Ercole

(Encyclopedia) Consalvi, ErcoleConsalvi, Ercoleārkôˈlā kōnsälˈvē [key], 1757–1824, Italian cardinal and papal diplomat. In his first term (1800–1806) as secretary of state for Pope Pius VII he…