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Malinovsky, Rodion Yakovlevich

(Encyclopedia) Malinovsky, Rodion YakovlevichMalinovsky, Rodion Yakovlevichrōdyōnˈ yäˈkəvlyĭvĭch mälyĭnŏfˈskē [key], 1898–1967, Soviet marshal, b. Ukraine. He joined the Communist party in 1926. In…

Carr, Edward Hallett

(Encyclopedia) Carr, Edward Hallett, 1892–1982, English political scientist and historian. Educated at Cambridge, he was in the diplomatic service until 1936, professor of international relations (…

politburo

(Encyclopedia) politburo, the former central policy-making and governing body of the Communist party of the Soviet Union and, with minor variations, of other Communist parties. It was first created…

Niyazov, Saparmurat

(Encyclopedia) Niyazov, SaparmuratNiyazov, Saparmuratsäpärˈm&oomacr;rätˌ nēyäˈzôf [key], 1940–2006, Soviet and Turkmen political leader, president of Turkmenistan (1991–2006). An engineer and…

Shelepin, Aleksandr

(Encyclopedia) Shelepin, AleksandrShelepin, Aleksandrəlyĭksänˈdər shĕlĕˈpĭn [key], 1918–94, political leader in the Soviet Union. Active in the Young Communist League from the early 1940s, he later…

Kennan, George Frost

(Encyclopedia) Kennan, George Frost, 1904–2005, U.S. diplomat and historian, b. Milwaukee, Wis., grad. Princeton, 1925. A brilliant strategist and among the most influential and intellectual…

Frunze, Mikhail Vasilyevich

(Encyclopedia) Frunze, Mikhail VasilyevichFrunze, Mikhail Vasilyevichmēkhəyēlˈ vəsēˈlyəvĭch fr&oomacr;nˈzĕ [key], 1885–1925, Russian general. A revolutionary, he was exiled (1914) to Siberia but…

Kulakov, Feodor

(Encyclopedia) Kulakov, FeodorKulakov, Feodorfyôˈdər k&oomacr;ˈläkôf [key], 1918–78, Soviet political leader. A member of the Communist party after 1940, Kulakov held various agricultural…

Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich

(Encyclopedia) Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich, 1911–95, Soviet chess grandmaster, b. near St. Petersburg. He learned chess at the age of 12 and within a decade became the Soviet champion, a title he…

Joffe, Abram

(Encyclopedia) Joffe, AbramJoffe, Abraməbrämˈ yôˈfyə [key], 1880–1960, Soviet scientist, b. Ukraine, grad. St. Petersburg Technological Institute, 1902. From 1902 to 1906 he worked in Munich as an…