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Saint-Germain, Treaty of

(Encyclopedia) Saint-Germain, Treaty ofSaint-Germain, Treaty ofsăN-zhĕrmăNˈ [key], any of several treaties signed at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, France. 1 The Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1570…

Stavisky Affair

(Encyclopedia) Stavisky AffairStavisky Affairstävēskēˈ [key], financial and political scandal that shook France in 1934. Serge Alexandre Stavisky, a swindler associated with the municipal pawnshop of…

Merton, Thomas

(Encyclopedia) Merton, Thomas, 1915–68, American religious writer and poet, b. France. He grew up in France, England, and the United States and studied at Cambridge and at Columbia (B.A., 1938; M.A…

cloister

(Encyclopedia) cloister, unroofed space forming part of a religious establishment and surrounded by the various buildings or by enclosing walls. Generally, it is provided on all sides with a vaulted…

Livingston

(Encyclopedia) Livingston, family of American statesmen, diplomats, and jurists. Edward Livingston,Edward Livingston, 1764–1836, b. Livingston Manor, was the son of Robert R. Livingston (1718–75)…

Reid, Whitelaw

(Encyclopedia) Reid, Whitelaw, 1837–1912, American journalist and diplomat, b. near Xenia, Ohio. His distinguished correspondence during the Civil War for the Cincinnati Gazette led Horace Greeley to…

Morris, Gouverneur

(Encyclopedia) Morris, GouverneurMorris, Gouverneurgəvərnērˈ, –n&oobreve;rˈ [key], 1752–1816, American political leader and diplomat, b. Morrisania, N.Y. (now part of the Bronx); a grandson of…

Edward I

(Encyclopedia) Edward I, 1239–1307, king of England (1272–1307), son of and successor to Henry III. Even more important than Edward's military exploits were the legal and constitutional…

Shimonoseki, Treaty of

(Encyclopedia) Shimonoseki, Treaty of, Apr. 17, 1895, ending the First Sino-Japanese War. It was negotiated and signed by Ito Hirobumi for Japan and Li Hung-chang for China. Harsh terms were imposed…

Pucelle, Jean

(Encyclopedia) Pucelle, JeanPucelle, JeanzhäN püsĕlˈ [key], c.1300–1355, French manuscript illuminator. Master of a celebrated workshop in Paris during the 1320s, Pucelle produced a masterpiece of…