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Douglas, Norman

(Encyclopedia) Douglas, Norman (George Norman Douglas), 1868–1952, British novelist and essayist, b. Scotland. He spent the years from 1894 to 1896 in diplomatic service in Russia but resigned from…

Spengler, Oswald

(Encyclopedia) Spengler, OswaldSpengler, Oswaldspĕngˈglər, Ger. ôsˈvält shpĕngˈglər [key], 1880–1936, German historian and philosopher. His studies covered many fields, among them mathematics,…

négritude

(Encyclopedia) négritudenégritudenĕgˈrĭt&oomacr;dˌ, –ty&oomacr;d [key], a literary movement on the part of French-speaking African and Caribbean writers who lived in Paris during the 1930s,…

courtly love

(Encyclopedia) courtly love, philosophy of love and code of lovemaking that flourished in France and England during the Middle Ages. Although its origins are obscure, it probably derived from the…

Chang Chih-tung

(Encyclopedia) Chang Chih-tungChang Chih-tungjängˈ jûrˈ-d&oobreve;ngˈ [key], 1837–1909, Chinese Ch'ing dynasty statesman and educational reformer. He occupied the high post of governor-general…

Dionysius the Areopagite, Saint

(Encyclopedia) Dionysius the Areopagite, SaintDionysius the Areopagite, Saintdīənĭshˈēəs, [key]Dionysius the Areopagite, Saintârēŏpˈəjīt [key], fl. 1st cent. a.d., Athenian Christian, converted by…

Slavophiles and Westernizers

(Encyclopedia) Slavophiles and Westernizers, designation for two groups of intellectuals in mid-19th-century Russia that represented opposing schools of thought concerning the nature of Russian…

Niebuhr, Helmut Richard

(Encyclopedia) Niebuhr, Helmut Richard, 1894–1962, American theologian, b. Wright City, Mo., grad. Elmhurst College (Ill.), 1912, and Eden Theological Seminary, 1915, M.A. Washington Univ., 1917, B.D…

Proud Boys

(Encyclopedia) Proud Boys, American political movement. Founded in 2016 by Vice Media cofounder Gavin McInnes, the Proud Boys promotes the philosophy…

Carolingian architecture and art

(Encyclopedia) Carolingian architecture and art, art forms and structures created by the Carolingians. Toward the beginning of the Carolingian Period, in the 8th cent., a gradual change appeared in…