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Warsaw Treaty Organization

(Encyclopedia) Warsaw Treaty Organization or Warsaw Pact, alliance set up under a mutual defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, in 1955 by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary,…

Communist party, in Russia and the Soviet Union

(Encyclopedia) See L. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2d ed. 1971); S. F. Cohen, Rethinking the Soviet Experience (1985); M. Geller, Utopia in Power (1986); S. Carter, Russian…

Shevardnadze, Eduard Amvrosiyevich

(Encyclopedia) Shevardnadze, Eduard AmvrosiyevichShevardnadze, Eduard Amvrosiyevichĕdˈwärd shəvˈärdnädˈzyə [key], 1928–2014, Georgian politician and diplomat. Known for pragmatism rather than…

Shushkevich, Stanislav Stanislavovich

(Encyclopedia) Shushkevich, Stanislav Stanislavovich, Belarusian Stanislau Stanislavavich Shushkevich, 1934–, Belarusian political leader and scientist, first head of state of independent Belarus…

Oswald, Lee Harvey

(Encyclopedia) Oswald, Lee Harvey, 1939–63, presumed assassin of John F. Kennedy, b. New Orleans. Oswald spent most of his boyhood in Fort Worth, Tex. Later, he attended a Dallas high school, and…

Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna

(Encyclopedia) Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna, 1937–, Soviet cosmonaut. She was the first woman to orbit the earth, in Vostok 6 on June 16–19, 1963. She left the Soviet space program soon after…

Oder-Neisse line

(Encyclopedia) Oder-Neisse line, frontier established in 1945 between Germany and Poland; it followed the Oder and W Neisse rivers from the Baltic Sea to the Czechoslovak border. The boundary,…

Cuban Missile Crisis

(Encyclopedia) Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962, major cold war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. In response to the Bay of Pigs Invasion and other American actions against Cuba…

Geneva Conference

(Encyclopedia) Geneva Conference, any of various international meetings held at Geneva, Switzerland. Some of the more important ones are discussed here. 1 International conference held Apr.–July,…

Paasikivi, Juho Kusti

(Encyclopedia) Paasikivi, Juho KustiPaasikivi, Juho Kustiy&oobreve;ˈhō k&oobreve;sˈtē päˈsĭkĭvˌē [key], 1870–1956, president of Finland (1946–56). He entered the Finnish parliament in 1907…