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virtual reality

(Encyclopedia) virtual reality (VR) or virtual environment (VE), computer-generated environment with and within which people can interact. The advantage of VR is that it can immerse people in an…

Ferlinghetti, Lawrence

(Encyclopedia) Ferlinghetti, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Lawrence fûrˈlĭng-gĕtˈē [key], 1919–2021, American author and…

coin

(Encyclopedia) coin, piece of metal, usually a disk of gold, silver, nickel, bronze, copper, aluminum, or a combination of such metals, stamped by authority of a government as a guarantee of its real…

Botticelli, Sandro

(Encyclopedia) Botticelli, SandroBotticelli, Sandrosänˈdrō bôtˌtĭchĕlˈlē [key], c.1444–1510, Florentine painter of the Renaissance, whose real name was Alessandro di Mariano FilipepiBotticelli,…

Muslim League

(Encyclopedia) Muslim League, political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League by Aga Khan III. Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of…

Maximilian, 1832–67, emperor of Mexico

(Encyclopedia) Maximilian, 1832–67, emperor of Mexico (1864–67). As the Austrian archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, he was denied a share in the imperial government by his reactionary brother, Emperor…

Maclaine, Shirley

(Encyclopedia) Maclaine, Shirley, 1934- , American actress and author, b. Richmond, Va., as Shirley MacLean Beaty. Maclaine’s father held various…

Johns, Jasper

(Encyclopedia) Johns, Jasper, 1930–, American artist, b. Augusta, Ga. Influenced by Marcel Duchamp in the mid-1950s, Johns attempted to transform common objects into art by placing them in an art…

Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip

(Encyclopedia) Erdoğan, Recep TayyipErdoğan, Recep Tayyiprĕjĕpˈ tīyĭpˈ ûrˈdōän [key], 1954–, Turkish politician. He was educated at Marmara Univ., where he met Necmettin Erbakan, who went on to head…

games, theory of

(Encyclopedia) games, theory of, group of mathematical theories first developed by John Von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern. A game consists of a set of rules governing a competitive situation in which…