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Charles II, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily

(Encyclopedia) Charles II, 1661–1700, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily (1665–1700), son and successor of Philip IV. The last of the Spanish Hapsburgs, he was physically crippled and mentally…

Mary of Burgundy

(Encyclopedia) Mary of Burgundy, 1457–82, wife of Maximilian of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I), daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold of Burgundy. The marriage of Mary was a major…

Rulers of France since 987 (table)

(Encyclopedia) Rulers of France since 987(including dates of reign) The Capetians Hugh Capet, 987–96 Robert II (the Pious), son of Hugh Capet, 996–1031 Henry I, son of Robert II, 1031–60…

Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan

(Encyclopedia) Pantoja de la Cruz, JuanPantoja de la Cruz, Juanhwän päntōˈhä ᵺā lä kr&oomacr;th [key], 1553–1608, Spanish portrait painter, court painter to Philip II and Philip III; pupil and…

Spinola, Ambrogio

(Encyclopedia) Spinola, AmbrogioSpinola, Ambrogioämbrôˈjō spēˈnōlä [key], 1569–1630, Spanish general, b. Italy, of a noble Genoese family. In 1602, Spinola entered Spanish service in the Netherlands…

Parmenion

(Encyclopedia) ParmenionParmenionpärmēˈnēən [key], d. 330 b.c., Macedonian general. He served under Philip II. On Philip's death Parmenion was largely responsible for the adherence of the army in…

Nogaret, Guillaume de

(Encyclopedia) Nogaret, Guillaume deNogaret, Guillaume degēyōmˈ də nôgärāˈ [key], 1265?–1313, French statesman. A jurist, he was a member of the royal council of King Philip IV. During Philip's…

Olympias

(Encyclopedia) Olympias, d. 316 b.c., wife of Philip II of Macedon and mother of Alexander the Great. She did not get on well with Philip, who had other wives, but the story that she murdered him is…

Vienne, Council of

(Encyclopedia) Vienne, Council of, 1311–12, 15th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held at Vienne, France. It was convened by Pope Clement V at the behest of Philip IV of France as a…