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Judd, Gerrit Parmele

(Encyclopedia) Judd, Gerrit Parmele, 1803–73, missionary and statesman, b. Paris, N.Y. He arrived in Hawaii as a medical missionary. He ended his mission service in 1842 and became a Hawaiian…

Núñez, Rafael

(Encyclopedia) Núñez, RafaelNúñez, Rafaelräfäālˈ n&oomacr;ˈnyās [key], 1825–94, president of Colombia (1880–82, 1884–94). After a term as a liberal, he was reelected and became increasingly…

McLaughlin, Andrew Cunningham

(Encyclopedia) McLaughlin, Andrew CunninghamMcLaughlin, Andrew Cunninghamməgläkˈlĭn [key], 1861–1947, American educator and historian, b. Beardstown, Ill., grad. Univ. of Michigan (B.A., 1882; LL.B…

Plessy v. Ferguson

(Encyclopedia) Plessy v. Ferguson, case decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896. The court upheld an 1890 Louisiana statute mandating racially segregated but equal railroad carriages, ruling that…

poll tax

(Encyclopedia) poll tax, a capital tax levied equally on every adult in the community. Although no longer a significant source of revenue for any major country, the poll tax did provide large sums…

North German Confederation

(Encyclopedia) North German Confederation, 1867–71, alliance of 22 German states N of the Main River. Dominated by Prussia, it replaced the German Confederation and included the states that had…

Lycurgus, founder of the Spartan constitution

(Encyclopedia) LycurgusLycurguslīkûrˈgəs [key], traditional name of the founder of the Spartan constitution. The earliest mention of him is in Herodotus. Nothing is known of his life—when he lived or…

Alexander, king of Serbia

(Encyclopedia) Alexander (Alexander Obrenović)Alexanderōbrĕˈnəvĭch [key], 1876–1903, king of Serbia (1889–1903), son of King Milan. He succeeded on his father's abdication. Proclaiming himself of age…

Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley

(Encyclopedia) Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley, 1882–1944, British astronomer and physicist. He was chief assistant (1906–13) at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and was from 1913 Plumian professor of…

Cortes

(Encyclopedia) CortesCorteskôrˈtĕz, Span. kōrˈtās [key], representative assembly in Spain. The institution originated (12th–13th cent.) in various Spanish regions with the Christian reconquest; until…