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Pinckney, Charles

(Encyclopedia) Pinckney, Charles, 1757–1824, American statesman, governor of South Carolina (1789–92, 1796–98, 1806–8), b. Charleston, S.C.; cousin of Charles C. Pinckney and Thomas Pinckney. He…

Lansing, John

(Encyclopedia) Lansing, John, 1754–1829?, American political leader and jurist, b. Albany, N.Y. He served as military secretary to Gen. Philip J. Schuyler in the American Revolution and later became…

Dartmouth College Case

(Encyclopedia) Dartmouth College Case, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1819. The legislature of New Hampshire, in 1816, without the consent of the college trustees, amended the charter of 1769…

Gideon v. Wainwright

(Encyclopedia) Gideon v. Wainwright, case decided in 1963 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Clarence Earl Gideon was convicted of a felony in a Florida court. He had defended himself after being denied a…

Bonifácio, José

(Encyclopedia) Bonifácio, JoséBonifácio, Josézh&oomacr;zāˈ bônēfäˈsēō [key], 1763–1838, Brazilian statesman and scientist. He studied in Europe and gained international fame as a geologist before…

Wilson, James, American jurist

(Encyclopedia) Wilson, James, 1742–98, American jurist, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. near St. Andrews, Scotland. He studied at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh and, after…

Iredell, James

(Encyclopedia) Iredell, JamesIredell, Jamesīrˈdĕl [key], 1751–99, American jurist, b. Lewes, England. He emigrated (1767) to North Carolina, where he entered the customs service at Edenton and was…

Marbury v. Madison

(Encyclopedia) Marbury v. Madison, case decided in 1803 by the U.S. Supreme Court. William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams in…