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Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich

(Encyclopedia) Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr IsayevichSolzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevichəlyĭksänˈdər ēsīˈəvĭch sôlˌzhənētˈsĭn [key], 1918–2008, Russian writer widely regarded as one of the greatest and most…

Mengistu Haile Mariam

(Encyclopedia) Mengistu Haile MariamMengistu Haile Mariammĕnggīsˈt&oomacr; hīˈlē märˈēəm [key], 1937–, military ruler of Ethiopia (1974–91). Mengistu, an army officer, participated prominently in…

Karimov, Islam Abduganievich

(Encyclopedia) Karimov, Islam AbduganievichKarimov, Islam Abduganievichĭslämˈ kärēˈmôf [key], 1938–2016, Soviet and Uzbekistani political leader, president of Uzbekistan (1991–2016). He joined the…

Jelgava

(Encyclopedia) JelgavaJelgavayĕlˈgävä [key], also Yelgava, Ger. Mitau, city (2011 provisional pop. 59,449), in Latvia, on the Lielupe River. It is a major rail hub and a trade center for grain and…

Ryti, Risto

(Encyclopedia) Ryti, RistoRyti, Ristorēˈstō rüˈtē [key], 1889–1956, Finnish political leader. In 1919 he was elected to the Finnish diet. He later served as minister of finance (1921–24) and as…

Philby, Kim

(Encyclopedia) Philby, Kim (Harold Adrian Russell Philby), 1912–88, British double agent, son of Harry St. John Bridger Philby, studied Trinity College, Cambridge. A longtime high-ranking member of…

Murmansk

(Encyclopedia) MurmanskMurmanskm&oobreve;rmänskˈ [key], city (1989 pop. 468,000), capital of Murmansk region, NW European Russia, on the Kola Gulf of the Barents Sea. It is the terminus of the…

Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich

(Encyclopedia) Stalin, Joseph VissarionovichStalin, Joseph Vissarionovichstäˈlĭn, Rus. vĭsəryôˈnəvĭch stäˈlyĭn [key], 1879–1953, Soviet Communist leader and head of the USSR from the death of V. I.…

Leonov, Leonid Maksimovich

(Encyclopedia) Leonov, Leonid MaksimovichLeonov, Leonid Maksimovichlyāənyētˈ məksyēmˈəvĭch lyāôˈnəf [key], 1899–1994, Russian novelist and playwright. Leonov was a major figure in the development of…