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Cole, Thomas

(Encyclopedia) Cole, Thomas, 1801–48, American landscape painter, b. England. He arrived in the United States in 1818 and moved to Ohio, where he was impressed by the beauty of the countryside. In…

Gaster, Moses

(Encyclopedia) Gaster, MosesGaster, Mosesgäsˈtər [key], 1856–1939, Romanian Jewish scholar and writer, b. Bucharest. Expelled (1885) from Romania for championing the Jewish cause, he went to England…

Oregon Trail

(Encyclopedia) Oregon Trail, overland emigrant route in the United States from the Missouri River to the Columbia River country (all of which was then called Oregon). The pioneers by wagon train did…

Nachtigal, Gustav

(Encyclopedia) Nachtigal, GustavNachtigal, Gustavg&oobreve;sˈtäf näkhˈtēgäl [key], 1834–85, German explorer in Africa. He went (1869) on a mission for the king of Prussia to the sultan of Bornu.…

Cruden, Alexander

(Encyclopedia) Cruden, AlexanderCruden, Alexanderkr&oomacr;ˈdən [key], 1701–70, author of a famous biblical concordance, b. Aberdeen, Scotland. He spent most of his life near London. In 1737 he…

Davidson, John

(Encyclopedia) Davidson, John, 1857–1909, Scottish poet. After teaching in Scotland he went to London. There, struggling with poverty and illness, he wrote Fleet Street Eclogues (1893; Ser. 2, 1896…

Eden, Emily

(Encyclopedia) Eden, Emily, 1797–1869, English novelist. She went with her brother George, Lord Auckland, to India when he was governor-general (1836–42). Her two novels, The Semi-detached House (…

Pym, Barbara

(Encyclopedia) Pym, Barbara (Barbara Mary Crampton Pym), 1913–80, English writer. Her books are quiet comedies, often dealing with older, usually frustrated, and isolated characters. After success…

Gordon, Adam Lindsay

(Encyclopedia) Gordon, Adam Lindsay, 1833–70, Australian poet, b. the Azores. In 1853 he went to South Australia, where he joined the mounted police and later became famous as a steeplechase rider…

Murray, Lindley

(Encyclopedia) Murray, Lindley, 1745–1826, American grammarian, b. Pennsylvania. Murray practiced law until the Revolution, during which he acquired a fortune, and in 1784 went to live in England. A…