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Lycurgus, founder of the Spartan constitution

(Encyclopedia) LycurgusLycurguslīkûrˈgəs [key], traditional name of the founder of the Spartan constitution. The earliest mention of him is in Herodotus. Nothing is known of his life—when he lived or…

Christmas Island, in the Indian Ocean

(Encyclopedia) Christmas Island, tropical island, 60 sq mi (155 sq km), an external territory of Australia, in the Indian Ocean c.200 mi (320 km) S of…

Hebrews, book of the New Testament

(Encyclopedia) Hebrews, an anonymous New Testament homily with closing greetings normally associated with the letter genre, written before c.a.d. 96. It is addressed to Jewish Christians who were…

James, Saint (St. James the Greater)

(Encyclopedia) James, Saint, d. c.a.d. 43, in the Bible, one of the Twelve Apostles, called St. James the Greater. He was the son of Zebedee and the brother of St. John; these brothers were the…

James, Saint (St. James the Less)

(Encyclopedia) James, Saint, in the Bible, one of the Twelve Apostles, called St. James the Less or St. James the Little. He was the son of Alphaeus; his mother, Mary, was one of those at the cross…

James, Saint (the “brother” of Jesus)

(Encyclopedia) James, Saint, in the Bible, the “brother” of Jesus. The Gospels make several references to the brothers of Jesus, and St. Paul speaks of “James the Lord's brother.” While Protestants…

James, epistle of the New Testament

(Encyclopedia) James, letter of the New Testament, traditionally classified among the Catholic, or General, Epistles. The James of its ascription is traditionally identified with St. James the Less.…

Jude, epistle of the New Testament

(Encyclopedia) Jude, epistle of the New Testament, the next to last book of the Bible. The Jude who wrote it has been identified since ancient times with St. Jude the apostle, but most modern…

Rulers of the Byzantine Empire (table)

(Encyclopedia) Rulers of the Byzantine Empire Emperor (or Empress) Dates of Reign Constantine I (the Great) 330–37 Constantius 337–61 Julian (the Apostate) 361–63 Jovian 363–64 Valens 364–…