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Vatican Council, Second

(Encyclopedia) Vatican Council, Second, popularly called Vatican II, 1962–65, the 21st ecumenical council (see council, ecumenical) of the Roman Catholic Church, convened by Pope John XXIII and…

Albright, Madeleine

(Encyclopedia) Albright, Madeleine, 1937–2022, American government official, b. Prague, Czechoslovakia, as Maria Jana Körbel. Her family immigrated to the United States in 1948, and she…

compulsive gambling

(Encyclopedia) compulsive gambling or pathological gambling, a psychological disorder characterized by a persistent inability to resist the impulse to gamble. The disorder is progressive and…

Gil Robles, José María

(Encyclopedia) Gil Robles, José MaríaGil Robles, José Maríahōsāˈ märēˈä hēl rōˈblās [key], 1898–1980, Spanish politician. In 1931, after the proclamation of the Second Republic, he became leader of…

perversion, sexual

(Encyclopedia) perversion, sexual, in psychology, sexual behavior deemed pathological by its deviation from “normal” sexual desire. The definition of sexual perversion has shifted considerably over…

Hoxha, Enver

(Encyclopedia) Hoxha, EnverHoxha, Enverĕnˈvĕr hôˈjä [key], 1908–85, Albanian Communist leader and general. A founder (1941) of the Albanian Communist party (Albanian Labor party from 1948), Hoxha…

May Fourth Movement

(Encyclopedia) May Fourth Movement (1919), first mass movement in modern Chinese history. On May 4, about 5,000 university students in Beijing protested the Versailles Conference (Apr. 28, 1919)…

Liebknecht, Wilhelm

(Encyclopedia) Liebknecht, WilhelmLiebknecht, Wilhelmvĭlˈhĕlm [key]Liebknecht, Wilhelm lēpˈkənĕkht [key], 1826–1900, German socialist leader and journalist. His participation in the revolution in…

city-state

(Encyclopedia) city-state, in ancient Greece, Italy, and Medieval Europe, an independent political unit consisting of a city and surrounding countryside. The first city-states were in Sumer, but they…

Clifford, Clark McAdams

(Encyclopedia) Clifford, Clark McAdams, 1906–98, U.S. government official, b. Fort Scott, Kans. Admitted to the bar in 1928, he engaged in private practice before serving (1944–46) in the U.S. navy.…