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probation

(Encyclopedia) probation, method by which the punishment of a convicted offender is conditionally suspended. The offender must remain in the community and under the supervision of a probation officer…

Paine, Robert Treat

(Encyclopedia) Paine, Robert Treat, 1731–1814, political figure in the American Revolution, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. Boston, Mass. He served briefly as a chaplain in the French…

Everett

(Encyclopedia) Everett. 1 City (2020 pop. 49,075), Middlesex co., E Mass., an industrial suburb of Boston, on the Mystic River; settled c.1643, set off…

Fire, Andrew Zachary

(Encyclopedia) Fire, Andrew Zachary, 1959–, American geneticist, b. Palo Alto, Calif., Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1983. After a long association with the Carnegie Institution of…

Constitutional Union party

(Encyclopedia) Constitutional Union party, in U.S. history, formed when the conflict between North and South broke down the older parties. The Constitutional Union group, composed of former Whigs and…

cockfighting

(Encyclopedia) cockfighting, sport of pitting gamecocks against one other. Though popular in ancient Greece, Persia, and Rome, cockfighting has been long opposed by clergy and humane groups.…

Tyler, Royall

(Encyclopedia) Tyler, Royall, 1757–1826, American jurist, author, and playwright, b. Boston, grad. Harvard, 1776. He served in the colonial army during the American Revolution and later in the…

Winthrop, Robert Charles

(Encyclopedia) Winthrop, Robert Charles, 1809–94, American statesman, b. Boston. He studied law under Daniel Webster, was admitted (1831) to the bar, and was (1835–41) a Whig member of the…

Walker, Francis Amasa

(Encyclopedia) Walker, Francis Amasa, 1840–97, American economist, statistician, and educator, b. Boston, grad. Amherst; son of Amasa Walker. In the Civil War he was brevetted brigadier general.…

Ward, Artemas

(Encyclopedia) Ward, ArtemasWard, Artemasärˈtĭməs [key], 1727–1800, American general in the American Revolution, b. Shrewsbury, Mass. He was active in colonial politics and served in the French and…