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ray, in zoology

(Encyclopedia) ray, extremely flat-bodied cartilaginous marine fish, related to the shark. The pectoral fins of most rays are developed into broad, flat, winglike appendages, attached all along the…

ray, in physics

(Encyclopedia) ray, in physics, term denoting the straight line along which light or other form of radiation is propagated from its source. It generally refers to the line of propagation of waves but…

realism, in art

(Encyclopedia) realism, in art, the movement of the mid-19th cent. formed in reaction against the severely academic production of the French school. Realist painters sought to portray what they saw…

realism, in literature

(Encyclopedia) realism, in literature, an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity. Although realism is not limited to any one century or group of writers…

realism, in philosophy

(Encyclopedia) realism, in philosophy. 1 In medieval philosophy realism represented a position taken on the problem of universals. There were two schools of realism. Extreme realism, represented by…

Regulus, in astronomy

(Encyclopedia) RegulusRegulusrĕgˈyələs [key], brightest star in the constellation Leo; Bayer designation Alpha Leonis; 1992 position R.A. 10h08m, Dec. +12°00′. A bluish-white main-sequence star of…

commune, in medieval history

(Encyclopedia) communecommunekômˈy&oomacr;n [key], in medieval history, collective institution that developed in continental Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. Because of the importance…

Communist party, in China

(Encyclopedia) Communist party, in China, ruling party of the world's most populous nation since 1949 and most important Communist party in the world since the disintegration of the USSR in 1991.…

Ch'in Chiu-shao

(Encyclopedia) Ch'in Chiu-shaoCh'in Chiu-shaochĭn chy&oomacr;-shou [key], c.1202–1261, Chinese mathematician. He pioneered in the study of indeterminate analysis in his Mathematical Treatise in…