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nationalism

(Encyclopedia) nationalism, political or social philosophy in which the welfare of the nation-state as an entity is considered paramount. Nationalism is basically a collective state of mind or…

British (Wimbledon) Champions

(Amateur from inception in 1877 through 1967)Singles—Men1877 Spencer Gore 1878 Frank Hadow 1879–80John Hartley 1881–86Willie Renshaw 1887 Herbert Lawford 1888 Ernest Renshaw 1889 Willie…

National Socialism

(Encyclopedia) National Socialism or Nazism, doctrines and policies of the National Socialist German Workers' party, which ruled Germany under Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945. In German the party name…

Pritzker Architecture Prize Recipients (table)

(Encyclopedia) Pritzker Architecture Prize Recipients Year Recipient(s) Nation 1979 Philip Johnson United States 1980 Luis Barragán Mexico 1981 James Stirling Great Britain 1982 Kevin Roche…

chess

(Encyclopedia) chess, game for two players played on a square board composed of 64 square spaces, alternately dark and light in color. London was the site of the first modern international chess…

Vienna, Congress of

(Encyclopedia) Vienna, Congress of, Sept., 1814–June, 1815, one of the most important international conferences in European history, called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I.…

Polish literature

(Encyclopedia) Polish literature, the literary works of Poland. The regaining of Polish independence in 1919 after generations of partition inspired new literary activity. The Skamander group of…

Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de

(Encyclopedia) Voltaire, François Marie Arouet deVoltaire, François Marie Arouet defräNswäˈ märēˈ ärwāˈ də vôltĕrˈ [key], 1694–1778, French philosopher and author, whose original name was Arouet. One…

German art and architecture

(Encyclopedia) German art and architecture, artistic works produced within the region that became politically unified as Germany in 1871 generally followed the stylistic currents of Western Europe…

psychoanalysis

(Encyclopedia) psychoanalysis, name given by Sigmund Freud to a system of interpretation and therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. Psychoanalysis began after Freud studied (1885–86) with…