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Martínez, Elizabeth Sutherland

(Encyclopedia) Martínez, Elizabeth Sutherland, 1925-2021, American journalist, author, and Chicana activist, b. Washington, D.C. , Swarthmore College…

Innis, Roy

(Encyclopedia) Innis, Roy (Roy Emile Alfredo Innis), 1934–2017, American civil-rights leader, b. St. Croix, Virgin Islands. A member of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) from 1963, he was its…

New York Times Company v. Sullivan

(Encyclopedia) New York Times Company v. Sullivan, case decided in 1964 by the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1960, the Times ran a fundraising advertisement signed by civil-rights leaders that criticized,…

Jim Crow laws

(Encyclopedia) Jim Crow laws, in U.S. history, statutes enacted by Southern states and municipalities, beginning in the 1880s, that legalized segregation between blacks and whites. The name is…

Rustin, Bayard

(Encyclopedia) Rustin, Bayard, 1910–87, African-American civil-rights leader, b. West Chester, Pa. He attended three colleges but did not obtain a degree. A Quaker, he was imprisoned as a…