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Ramaphosa, Cyril

(Encyclopedia) Ramaphosa, Cyril (Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa), 1952–, South African political leader, b. Johannesburg. A lawyer, he became involved in the antiapartheid Black Consciousness Movement…

school vouchers

(Encyclopedia) school vouchers, government grants aimed at improving education for the children of low-income families by providing school tuition that can be used at public or private schools. The…

information theory

(Encyclopedia) information theory or communication theory, mathematical theory formulated principally by the American scientist Claude E. Shannon to explain aspects and problems of information and…

Heckman, James Joseph

(Encyclopedia) Heckman, James Joseph, 1944– American economist, b. Chicago, Ill., Ph.D. Princeton, 1971. He has taught at the Univ. of Chicago since 1973. Heckman shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in…

lots

(Encyclopedia) lots. The casting of lots was an ancient method of making a choice, settling a dispute, or determining a course of action. In biblical times lots were cast to determine the will of God…

Chinchilla Miranda, Laura

(Encyclopedia) Chinchilla Miranda, Laura, 1959–, Costa Rican politian, president of Costa Rica (2010–). Before entering politics she worked as a consultant for international agencies in Latin America…

Magufuli, John Pombe Joseph

(Encyclopedia) Magufuli, John Pombe Joseph, 1959–, Tanzanian political leader, Ph.D. Univ. of Dar es Salaam, 2009. He worked as an industrial chemist (1989–95) at the Nyanza Cooperative Union Ltd.…

Spofford, Ainsworth Rand

(Encyclopedia) Spofford, Ainsworth RandSpofford, Ainsworth Randspŏfˈərd [key], 1825–1908, librarian of Congress of the United States, b. Belknap co., N.H. In 1861 he became chief assistant librarian…

Good Agricultural Practices

(Encyclopedia) Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), economically, socially, and environmentally responsible methods and technologies for the raising and marketing of agricultural and horticultural…

Mary of England

(Encyclopedia) Mary of England (Mary Tudor), 1496–1533, queen consort of Louis XII of France, daughter of Henry VII of England and sister of Henry VIII. She was betrothed in 1507 to the future Holy…