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Kania, Stanisław

(Encyclopedia) Kania, StanisławKania, Stanisławstənēēˈswäf käˈnyə [key], 1927–2020, Polish political leader. He joined the Communist party in 1945, becoming a member of the Central Committee in 1968…

Jones, Jesse Holman

(Encyclopedia) Jones, Jesse Holman, 1874–1956, U.S. Secretary of Commerce (1940–45), b. Robertson co., Tenn. A lumber magnate, banker, and millionaire of Houston, Tex., Jones was appointed (1932) by…

Mattis, James

(Encyclopedia) Mattis, James, 1950–, American general and secretary of defense (2017–18), b. Pullman, Wash., grad. Central Washington Univ. (1971). Commissioned as a second lieutenant (1972) in the…

Mallory, Stephen Russell

(Encyclopedia) Mallory, Stephen Russell, c.1813–73, U.S. Senator, secretary of the navy in the Confederacy, b. Trinidad, West Indies. He was raised in Key West, Fla., where he practiced law and was a…

Freeman, Orville Lothrop

(Encyclopedia) Freeman, Orville Lothrop, 1918–2003, American political figure, b. Minneapolis. In World War II he served in the U.S. marine corps, was severely wounded, and was discharged with the…

Fanfani, Amintore

(Encyclopedia) Fanfani, AmintoreFanfani, Amintoreämēntôˈrā fänfänˈē [key], 1908–99, Italian political leader, a Christian Democrat. A noted scholar, he held several cabinet posts after World War II…

Henderson, Arthur

(Encyclopedia) Henderson, Arthur, 1863–1935, British statesman, organizer and leader of the British Labour party. In early life he was an ironworker and a labor union leader. Elected (1903) to…

Afwerki, Isaias

(Encyclopedia) Afwerki or Afewerki, Isaias, 1945–, Eritrean political leader, president of Eritrea (1993–), b. Asmara. He studied engineering at the Univ. of Addis Ababa, leaving in 1966 to join the…

Brown, Harold

(Encyclopedia) Brown, Harold, 1927–2019, American nuclear physicist and government official, b. New York City, Ph.D. Columbia, 1949. He joined (1952) the staff of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (…

Byrnes, James Francis

(Encyclopedia) Byrnes, James Francis, 1879–1972, American public official, Secretary of State (1945–47), governor of South Carolina (1951–55), b. Charleston, S.C. He studied law while working (1900–…