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French Community

(Encyclopedia) French Community, established in 1958 by the constitution of the Fifth French Republic to replace the French Union. Its members consisted of the French Republic, which included…

Open Door

(Encyclopedia) Open Door, maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries. As a specific policy, it was first advanced by the United…

Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail, Prince

(Encyclopedia) Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail, PrinceBarclay de Tolly, Mikhail, Princemēkhəyēlˈ, bərklīˈ də tôˈlyē [key], 1761–1818, Russian field marshal, of Scottish descent. He gained prominence in the…

monetarism

(Encyclopedia) monetarism, economic theory that monetary policy, or control of the money supply, is the primary if not sole determinant of a nation's economy. Monetarists believe that management of…

Mangin, Charles Marie Emmanuel

(Encyclopedia) Mangin, Charles Marie EmmanuelMangin, Charles Marie Emmanuelshärl märēˈ ĕmänüĕlˈ mäNzhăNˈ [key], 1866–1925, French general. A graduate of Saint-Cyr, he served in the Sudan under Jean…

Paul I

(Encyclopedia) Paul I, 1754–1801, czar of Russia (1796–1801), son and successor of Catherine II. His mother disliked him intensely and sought on several occasions to change the succession to his…

Gary, Elbert Henry

(Encyclopedia) Gary, Elbert Henry, 1846–1927, American lawyer and industrialist, b. near Wheaton, Ill., grad. Union College of Law, Chicago, 1868. Rising rapidly as a corporation lawyer, he became…

Stephen, Saint, duke and king of Hungary

(Encyclopedia) Stephen, Saint, or Stephen I, 975–1038, duke (997–1001) and first king (1001–38) of Hungary, called the Apostle of Hungary. The Hungarian state may be said to date from his reign.…

Kissinger, Henry Alfred

(Encyclopedia) Kissinger, Henry Alfred Kissinger, Henry Alfred kĭsˈənjər [key], 1923–2023, American political…

NEP

(Encyclopedia) NEP: see New Economic Policy.