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ministry

(Encyclopedia) ministry, in religion, term used to designate the clergy of Protestant churches, particularly those who repudiate the claims of apostolic succession. The ceremony by which the…

Eck, Johann Maier von

(Encyclopedia) Eck, Johann Maier vonEck, Johann Maier vonyōˈhän mīˈər fən ĕk [key], 1486–1543, German Roman Catholic theologian. He was of peasant stock, the name von Eck being taken from his…

Stern, Fritz Richard

(Encyclopedia) Stern, Fritz Richard, 1926–2016, American historian and educator, b. Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), grad. Columbia (B.A., 1946; M.A., 1948; Ph.D., 1953). Although his family…

Schwenkfeld, Kaspar von

(Encyclopedia) Schwenkfeld, Kaspar vonSchwenkfeld, Kaspar vonkäsˈpär fən shvĕngkˈfĕlt [key], 1490–1561, German religious reformer. Schwenkfeld was in court service with the duke of Liegnitz from 1510…

Maximilian II, 1527–76, Holy Roman emperor

(Encyclopedia) Maximilian II, 1527–76, Holy Roman emperor (1564–76), king of Bohemia (1562–76) and of Hungary (1563–76), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I. Before acceding he…

Charles IX, king of Sweden

(Encyclopedia) Charles IX, 1550–1611, king of Sweden (1604–11), youngest son of Gustavus I. He was duke of Södermanland, Närke, and Värmland before his accession. During the reign of his brother,…

Clement VII, pope

(Encyclopedia) Clement VII, c.1475–1534, pope (1523–34), a Florentine named Giulio de' Medici; successor of Adrian VI. He was the nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and was therefore first cousin of Pope…

Mühlenberg, Heinrich Melchior

(Encyclopedia) Mühlenberg, Heinrich MelchiorMühlenberg, Heinrich Melchiormĕlˈkhēôr müˈlənbĕrk [key], 1711–87, American Lutheran clergyman, b. Germany, educated at Göttingen and at Halle. He arrived (…

Philip of Hesse

(Encyclopedia) Philip of HessePhilip of Hessehĕs [key], 1504–67, German nobleman, landgrave of Hesse (1509–67), champion of the Reformation. He is also called Philip the Magnanimous. Declared of age…