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Chalkley, Thomas

(Encyclopedia) Chalkley, ThomasChalkley, Thomaschôˈklē [key], 1675–1741, Quaker mariner and missionary preacher, b. England. He made his home after 1701 in Philadelphia. He traded chiefly with the…

Harris, Chapin Aaron

(Encyclopedia) Harris, Chapin Aaron, 1806–60, American dentist, b. Pompey, N.Y. One of the founders of dentistry as a profession, he was the author of The Dental Art (1839; later called Principles…

Jones, Ernest Charles

(Encyclopedia) Jones, Ernest Charles, 1819–69, English radical, lawyer, journalist, and poet. He was a prominent leader of the more militant wing of the Chartists (see Chartism). After imprisonment…

Bataille, Georges

(Encyclopedia) Bataille, GeorgesBataille, Georgesjôrj bətī, –bätī [key], 1897–1962, French writer. Bataille was the founding editor of the journal Critique (1946). Strongly influenced by Nietzsche,…

Conrad, Michael Georg

(Encyclopedia) Conrad, Michael GeorgConrad, Michael Georgmĭkhˈäĕl gāˈôrk kônˈrät [key], 1846–1927, German critic and novelist. With Karl Bleibtreu, he founded (1885) the journal Gesellschaft as a…

Malaspina, Alejandro

(Encyclopedia) Malaspina, Alejandro or AlessandroMalaspina, Alejandro or Alessandroälāhänˈdrō mäläspēˈnä; älās-sänˈdrō [key], 1754–1810, Italian-Spanish naval officer and explorer, b. Mulazzo, Italy…

Babeuf, François Noël

(Encyclopedia) Babeuf, François NoëlBabeuf, François NoëlfräNswäˈ nôĕlˈ bäböfˈ [key], 1760–97, French revolutionary, organizer of a communist uprising against the Directory. Of petty bourgeois origin…

Keith, George, Scottish preacher

(Encyclopedia) Keith, George, c.1638–1716, Scottish preacher. Joining the Quakers c.1663, he was closely associated with Robert Barclay, George Fox, and other influential Friends. Shortly after his…

Chambers, William

(Encyclopedia) Chambers, William, 1800–1883, and Robert Chambers, 1802–71, Scottish authors and publishers. Their firm of W. and R. Chambers is best known for Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, which…