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antioxidant

(Encyclopedia) antioxidant, substance that prevents or slows the breakdown of another substance by oxygen. Synthetic and natural antioxidants are used to slow the deterioration of gasoline and rubber…

mangrove

(Encyclopedia) mangrove, large tropical evergreen tree, genus Rhizophora, that grows on muddy tidal flats and along protected ocean shorelines. Mangroves are most abundant in tropical Asia, Africa,…

charter school

(Encyclopedia) charter school, alternative type of American public school that, while paid for by taxes, is independent of the public-school system and relatively free from state and local…

Chamberlain, Sir Austen

(Encyclopedia) Chamberlain, Sir Austen (Joseph Austen Chamberlain)Chamberlain, Sir Austenchāmˈbərlĭn [key], 1863–1937, British statesman; son of Joseph Chamberlain and half-brother of Neville…

Kienholz, Edward

(Encyclopedia) Kienholz, EdwardKienholz, Edwardkēnˈhóltz [key], 1927–94, American sculptor, b. Fairfield, Wash. He moved to Los Angeles in 1953 and was a painter until the late 1950s, when he began…

transpiration

(Encyclopedia) transpiration, in botany, the loss of water by evaporation in terrestrial plants. Some evaporation occurs directly through the exposed walls of surface cells, but the greatest amount…

plumbing

(Encyclopedia) plumbing, piping systems inside buildings for water supply and sewage. The Romans had a highly developed plumbing system; water was brought to Rome by aqueducts and distributed to…

seed

(Encyclopedia) seed, fertilized and ripened ovule, consisting of the plant embryo, varying amounts of stored food material, and a protective outer seed coat. Seeds are frequently confused with the…

Shepard, Sam

(Encyclopedia) Shepard, Sam, 1943–2017, one of the major American playwrights and actors of his era, b. Fort Sheridan, Ill., as Samuel Shepard Rogers 3d. A product of the 1960s counterculture and an…

stink bug

(Encyclopedia) stink bug, member of a large, widely distributed family (Pentatomidae) of true bugs with flattened, shield-shaped bodies. Most are 1&fslsh;4 to 1&fslsh;2 in. (6–12 mm) long.…