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European Free Trade Association

(Encyclopedia) European Free Trade Association (EFTA), customs union and trading bloc; its current members are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. EFTA was established in 1960 by Austria…

McCarthy, Gina

(Encyclopedia) McCarthy, Gina (Regina McCarthy), 1954- , American environmentalist and government official, Brighton, Ma., Univ. of Ma., Boston (B.A…

Cluniac order

(Encyclopedia) Cluniac orderCluniac orderkl&oomacr;ˈnē-ăkˌ [key], medieval organization of Benedictines centered at the abbey of Cluny, France. Founded in 910 by the monk Berno and Count William…

Gbowee, Leymah Roberta

(Encyclopedia) Gbowee, Leymah RobertaGbowee, Leymah Robertalāˈmä, bōwēˈ [key], 1972–, Liberian peace activist. A social worker and trauma counselor, she worked with ex-child soldiers from Charles…

Trans-Siberian Railroad

(Encyclopedia) Trans-Siberian Railroad, rail line, linking European Russia with the Pacific coast. Its construction began in 1891, on the initiative of Count S. Y. Witte, and was completed in 1905.…

Sadat, Anwar al-

(Encyclopedia) Sadat, Anwar al-Sadat, Anwar al-änwärˈ äl-sädätˈ [key], 1918–81, Egyptian political leader and president (1970–81). He entered (1936) Abbasia Military Academy, where he became friendly…

Imperial Conference

(Encyclopedia) Imperial Conference, assembly of representatives of the self-governing members of the British Empire, held about every four years until World War II. The meetings prior to 1911—in 1887…

National Dialogue Quartet

(Encyclopedia) National Dialogue Quartet, informal grouping of four Tunisian civil society organizations formed in mid-2013 to facilitate political dialogue in Tunisia that would lead to consensus on…

Yunus, Muhammad

(Encyclopedia) Yunus, Muhammad, 1940–, Bangladeshi economist and banker, b. Chittagong (then in British India), grad. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn. (Ph.D. 1971). Yunus, who taught economics in…

Defense, United States Department of

(Encyclopedia) Defense, United States Department of, executive department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government relating…