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closet drama

(Encyclopedia) closet drama, a play that is meant to be read rather than performed. Precursors of the form existed in classical times. Plato's Apology is often regarded as tragic drama rather than…

Murnau, Friedrich W.

(Encyclopedia) Murnau, Friedrich W.Murnau, Friedrich W.frēˈdrĭkh m&oobreve;rˈnou [key], 1889–1931, German film director, b. as Friedrich W. Plumpe. He began directing films in Germany in 1919 and…

Devrient, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia) Devrient, LudwigDevrient, Ludwigl&oobreve;tˈvĭkh dəvrēăNˈ [key], 1784–1832, German actor. He abandoned a commercial career in 1804 to join a traveling theatrical company. In Berlin…

Björling, Jussi

(Encyclopedia) Björling, JussiBjörling, Jussiy&oomacr;sˈsĭ byörˈlĭng [key], 1911–60, Swedish tenor. He studied at the Royal Opera School in Stockholm, making his debut there in 1930 as Don…

Spohr, Ludwig

(Encyclopedia) Spohr, Ludwig or LouisSpohr, Ludwig or Louisl&oobreve;tˈvĭkh shpōr, l&oomacr;ˈē [key], 1784–1859, German composer, conductor, and violinist. After touring Europe extensively,…

Walburga, Saint

(Encyclopedia) Walburga, SaintWalburga, Saintwôlbûrˈgə [key], d. c.779, English missionary in Germany; sister of St. Willibald. She went there to assist St. Boniface, settling at Heidenheim, near…

Caballé, Montserrat

(Encyclopedia) Caballé, MontserratCaballé, Montserratmōnsĕrätˈ käbälyāˈ [key], 1933–2018, Spanish soprano. After voice study with Eugenia Kemeny and Conchita Badia in Barcelona, she made her operatic…

Chaliapin, Feodor Ivanovich

(Encyclopedia) Chaliapin, Feodor IvanovichChaliapin, Feodor Ivanovichfyôˈdər ēväˈnəvĭch shəlyäˈpyĭn [key], 1873–1938, Russian operatic bass. His powerful and supple voice, together with his…

Brewer's: Margaret

Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, called the “Northern Semiramis” (1353, 1387-1412). Margaret. A simple, uncultured girl of wonderful witchery, seduced, at the age of fifteen, by Faust…

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is one of the great figures in the history of German literature. Early in his career he studied law, and in 1775 he joined the court of Duke Charles Augustus. For ten…