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Gates, Robert Michael

(Encyclopedia) Gates, Robert Michael, 1943–, American government official, U.S. secretary of defense (2006–11), b. Wichita, Kans. A circumspect and pragmatic career intelligence officer, he joined (…

Watson, James Dewey

(Encyclopedia) Watson, James Dewey, 1928–, American biologist and educator, b. Chicago, Ill., grad. Univ. of Chicago, 1947, Ph.D. Univ. of Indiana, 1950. With F. H. C. Crick he began (1951) research…

hotbed

(Encyclopedia) hotbed, low, glass-covered frame structure for starting tender plants. It differs from a cold frame only in that the soil is heated—either artificially as by underground electric…

Erlander, Tage Fritiof

(Encyclopedia) Erlander, Tage FritiofErlander, Tage Fritioftäˈgə frĭtˈyəf ĕrˈländər [key], 1901–85, Swedish socialist leader, prime minister of Sweden (1946–69). On the editorial staff of the…

gooseflesh

(Encyclopedia) gooseflesh, temporary rumpling of the skin into tiny bumps, also called goose bumps and goose pimples, and technically known as cutis ansirina. In response to cold or certain emotional…

Cliburn, Van

(Encyclopedia) Cliburn, Van (Harvey Lavan Cliburn)Cliburn, Vanklīˈbərn [key], 1934–2013, American pianist, b. Shreveport, La. Until 1951, Cliburn studied with his mother, a concert pianist; he later…

Freire, Paulo

(Encyclopedia) Freire, PauloFreire, Paulopouˈlō frārˈ [key], 1921–97, Brazilian educator. After his exile from Brazil following the military coup in 1964, Freire taught in Chile and was a consultant…

soup

(Encyclopedia) soup, liquid food in which different kinds of solid food have been cooked, e.g., meat, fish, fowl, vegetables, cereals, or fruit. Many soups are peculiar to certain localities, e.g.,…

nuclear strategy

(Encyclopedia) nuclear strategy, a policy for the use of nuclear weapons. The first atomic bombs were used in the context of the Allies' World War II policy of strategic bombing. Early in the cold…

desert

(Encyclopedia) desert, arid region, usually partly covered by sand, having scanty vegetation or sometimes almost none, and capable of supporting only a limited and specially adapted animal population…