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Köthen

(Encyclopedia) KöthenKöthenköˈtən [key], city (1994 pop. 31,860), Saxony-Anhalt, central Germany. Köthen has lignite mines, sugar refineries, textile mills, chemical factories, and heavy engineering…

Onsager, Lars

(Encyclopedia) Onsager, Lars, 1903–76, American physical chemist, b. Oslo, Ph.D. Yale, 1935. Onsager taught at Brown Univ. from 1928 to 1933 and was on the faculty at Yale from 1933 until his…

Chain, Ernst Boris

(Encyclopedia) Chain, Ernst Boris, 1906–79, English biochemist, b. Berlin, Germany. In 1933 he left Germany and went to England, where he conducted research at Cambridge from 1933 to 1935 and at…

isomorphism

(Encyclopedia) isomorphismisomorphismīˌsəmôrˈfĭzəm [key], of minerals, similarity of crystal structure between two or more distinct substances. Sodium nitrate and calcium sulfate are isomorphous, as…

flame

(Encyclopedia) flame, phenomenon associated with the chemical reaction of a gas that has been heated above its kindling temperature with some other gas, usually atmospheric oxygen (see combustion).…

Richards, Theodore William

(Encyclopedia) Richards, Theodore William, 1868–1928, American chemist, b. Germantown, Pa., Ph.D. Harvard, 1888. Richards was a professor at Harvard from 1891 until his death in 1928. In 1914 he…

Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, Baron

(Encyclopedia) Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, BaronGuyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, Baronlwē bĕrnärˈ bärôNˈ gētôNˈ də môrvōˈ [key], 1737–1816, French chemist and lawyer. He wrote the chemical…

Woodward, Robert Burns

(Encyclopedia) Woodward, Robert Burns, 1917–80, American chemist and educator, b. Boston, grad. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (S.B., 1936; Ph.D., 1937). He taught at Harvard from 1938,…

Berthollet, Claude Louis, Comte

(Encyclopedia) Berthollet, Claude Louis, ComteBerthollet, Claude Louis, Comteklōd lwē, kôNt bĕrtōlāˈ [key], 1748–1822, French chemist. His contributions to chemistry include the analysis of ammonia…