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Henrietta Maria

(Encyclopedia) Henrietta MariaHenrietta Mariamərīˈə [key], 1609–69, queen consort of Charles I of England, daughter of Henry IV of France. She married Charles in 1625. Although she was devoted and…

Du Guesclin, Bertrand

(Encyclopedia) Du Guesclin, BertrandDu Guesclin, BertrandbĕrträNˈ dü gĕklăNˈ [key], c.1320–80, constable of France (1370–80), greatest French soldier of his time. A Breton, he initially served…

July Revolution

(Encyclopedia) July Revolution, revolt in France in July, 1830, against the government of King Charles X. The attempt of the ultraroyalists under Charles to return to the ancien régime provoked the…

Margaret of Austria

(Encyclopedia) Margaret of Austria, 1480–1530, Hapsburg princess, regent of the Netherlands; daughter of Emperor Maximilian I. She was betrothed (1483) to the dauphin of France, later King Charles…

Garnier, Charles

(Encyclopedia) Garnier, Charles (Saint Charles Garnier)Garnier, Charlesshärl gärnyāˈ [key], 1606–49, French missionary in North America, one of the Jesuit Martyrs of North America. He entered the…

Charles VII, king of France

(Encyclopedia) Charles VII (Charles the Well Served), 1403–61, king of France (1422–61), son and successor of Charles VI. His reign saw the end of the Hundred Years War. Although excluded from the…

Charles XII, king of Sweden

(Encyclopedia) Charles XII, 1682–1718, king of Sweden (1697–1718), son and successor of Charles XI. The regency under which he succeeded was abolished in 1697 at the request of the Riksdag. At the…

Görtz, Georg Heinrich von

(Encyclopedia) Görtz, Georg Heinrich vonGörtz, Georg Heinrich vongāˈôrk hīnˈrĭkh fən görts [key], 1668–1719, Swedish diplomat and financial expert, a German. While in the service of Frederick V, duke…

Marcel, Étienne

(Encyclopedia) Marcel, ÉtienneMarcel, Étienneātyĕnˈ märsĕlˈ [key], d. 1358, French bourgeois leader, provost of the merchants of Paris. In the States-General of 1355 he and Robert Le Coq bargained…

Riley, James Whitcomb

(Encyclopedia) Riley, James Whitcomb, 1849–1916, American poet, b. Greenfield, Ind., known as the Hoosier poet. He was at various times a traveling actor, a sign painter, and a newspaperman. Under…