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Black, James

(Encyclopedia) Black, James, 1823–93, American temperance leader. A Pennsylvania lawyer, he was active in state and national temperance work. His plan for a National Publication House was adopted by…

Black, Joseph

(Encyclopedia) Black, Joseph, 1728–99, Scottish chemist and physician, b. France. He was professor of chemistry at Glasgow (1756–66) and from 1766 at Edinburgh. He is best known for his theories of…

Black, Max

(Encyclopedia) Black, Max, 1909–88, American analytical philosopher, b. Baku, Russia (now Bakı, Azerbaijan), grad. Cambridge, Ph.D. Univ. of London, 1939. He taught at the Univ. of Illinois (1940–46…

Black Belt

(Encyclopedia) Black Belt, term applied to several areas of Mississippi and Alabama, the heart of the Old South, which are characterized by black soil and excellent cotton-growing conditions. The…

black codes

(Encyclopedia) black codes, in U.S. history, series of statutes passed by the ex-Confederate states, 1865–66, dealing with the status of the newly freed slaves. They varied greatly from state to…

Black Country

(Encyclopedia) Black Country, highly industrialized region, historically mostly in Staffordshire but partly in Worcestershire and Warwickshire, W central England. It includes Dudley, Rowley Regis (…

Black English

(Encyclopedia) Black English, distinctive dialect spoken at times by as many as 80% to 90% of African Americans; also called ebonics [from ebony and phonics]. Long considered merely substandard…

black fly

(Encyclopedia) black fly, name for any of the flies of the family Simuliidae. The black fly is about 1&fslsh;8 in. (3.2 mm) long and has large eyes, short legs, a stout, humped back, broad gauzy…