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Kajita, Takaaki

(Encyclopedia) Kajita, Takaaki 1959–, Japanese physicist, Ph.D. Univ. of Tokyo, 1986. In 1988 he joined the faculty at the Univ. of Tokyo, where he is now professor and director of the Institute for…

Südhof, Thomas Christian

(Encyclopedia) Südhof, Thomas Christian, 1955–, German-American biochemist. M.D., b. Göttingen, Germany, Ph.D. Georgia Augusta Univ., Göttingen, 1982. Südhof joined the faculty at the Univ. of Texas…

spinet

(Encyclopedia) spinet, musical instrument of the harpsichord family. Although the terms virginal and spinet, interchangeable until the end of the 17th cent., were sometimes used indiscriminately to…

Steinman, Ralph Marvin

(Encyclopedia) Steinman, Ralph Marvin, 1943–2011, Canadian biologist, M.D. Harvard Medical School, 1968. He was a researcher and professor at Rockefeller Univ., New York City, from 1970 until his…

Ratcliffe, Sir Peter John

(Encyclopedia) Ratcliffe, Sir Peter John, 1954–, British cellular and molecular biologist, M.D., Cambridge, 1987. He has been a researcher at Oxford since 1987. Ratcliffe, along with William Kaelin…

e-cigarette

(Encyclopedia) e-cigarette or electronic cigarette, a device that produces an aerosol from a liquid containing nicotine or another active ingredient, allowing it to be inhaled in a manner similar to…

consciousness

(Encyclopedia) consciousness, in psychology, a term commonly used to indicate a state of awareness of self and environment. In Freudian psychology, conscious behavior largely includes cognitive…

Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von

(Encyclopedia) Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand vonHelmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand vonhĕrˈmän l&oomacr;tˈvĭkh fĕrˈdēnänt fən hĕlmˈhôlts [key], 1821–94, German scientist. Although known…

heatstroke

(Encyclopedia) heatstroke, profound disturbance of the heat-regulating mechanism of the body, also known as sunstroke. It is characterized by extremely high body temperatures and sometimes by…

digital-to-analog conversion

(Encyclopedia) digital-to-analog or D/A conversion, the process of changing discrete digital data into a continuously varying signal in relation to a standard or reference. There are two types of…