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chance

(Encyclopedia) chance, in mathematics: see probability.

Banneker, Benjamin

(Encyclopedia) Banneker, Benjamin, 1731–1806, African-American inventor, astronomer, and mathematician, b. Baltimore co., Md., at what is now Ellicott's Mills. A free black, Banneker was essentially…

square root

(Encyclopedia) square root: see root, in mathematics.

Erdös, Paul

(Encyclopedia) Erdös, PaulErdös, Paulĕrˈdös [key], 1913–96, Hungarian mathematician, b. Budapest. A child prodigy, he was mostly home-schooled by his parents—both teachers of mathematics—until he…

Nash, John Forbes, Jr.

(Encyclopedia) Nash, John Forbes, Jr., 1928–2015, American mathematician, b. Bluefield, W.Va., grad. Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon Univ., B.A. and M.A. 1948), Ph.D. Princeton…

Newcomb, Simon

(Encyclopedia) Newcomb, SimonNewcomb, Simonn&oomacr;ˈkəm, ny&oomacr;ˈ– [key], 1835–1909, American astronomer, b. Nova Scotia, grad. Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, 1858. Living in the…

pi

(Encyclopedia) pi, in mathematics, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The symbol for pi is π. The ratio is the same for all circles and is approximately 3.1416. It is of…

chaos theory

(Encyclopedia) chaos theory, in mathematics, physics, and other fields, a set of ideas that attempts to reveal structure in aperiodic, unpredictable dynamic systems such as cloud formation or the…

e, in mathematics

(Encyclopedia) e, in mathematics, irrational number occurring widely in mathematics and science, approximately equal to the value 2.71828; it is the base of natural, or Naperian, logarithms. The…