Name | Approximate dates | Location | Major cities |
---|
Akkadian | 2350?2230 B.C. | Mesopotamia, parts of Syria, Asia Minor, Iran | Akkad, Ur, Erich |
Assyrian | 1800?889 B.C. | Mesopotamia, Syria | Assur, Nineveh, Calah |
Babylonian | 1728?1686 B.C. (old) 625?539 B.C. (new) | Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine | Babylon |
Cimmerian | 750?500 B.C. | Caucasus, northern Asia Minor | ? |
Egyptian | 2850?715 B.C. | Nile valley | Thebes, Memphis, Tanis |
Etruscan | 900?396 B.C. | Northern Italy | ? |
Greek | 900?200 B.C. | Greece | Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Mycenae, Corinth |
Hittite | 1640?1200 B.C. | Asia Minor, Syria | Hattusas, Nesa |
Indus Valley | 3000?1500 B.C. | Pakistan, Northwestern India | ? |
Lydian | 700?547 B.C. | Western Asia Minor | Sardis, Miletus |
Mede | 835?550 B.C. | Iran | Media |
Minoan | 3000?1100 B.C. | Crete | Knossos |
Persian | 559?330 B.C. | Iran, Asia Minor, Syria | Persepolis, Pasargadae |
Phoenician | 1100?332 B.C. | Palestine (colonies: Gibraltar, Carthage, Sardinia) | Tyre, Sidon, Byblos |
Phrygian | 1000?547 B.C. | Central Asia Minor | Gordion |
Roman | 500 B.C.?A.D. 300 | Italy, Mediterranean region, Asia Minor, western Europe | Rome, Byzantium |
Scythian | 800?300 B.C. | Caucasus | ? |
Sumerian | 3200?2360 B.C. | Mesopotamia | Ur, Nippur |