| Name | Approximate dates | Location | Major cities |
|---|
| Akkadian | 2350–2230 B.C. | Mesopotamia, parts of
Syria, Asia Minor,
Iran | Akkad, Ur, Erich |
| Assyrian | 1800–889 B.C. | Mesopotamia, Syria | Assur, Nineveh,
Calah |
| Babylonian | 1728–1686 B.C. (old)
625–539 B.C. (new) | Mesopotamia, Syria,
Palestine | Babylon |
| Cimmerian | 750–500 B.C. | Caucasus, northern Asia
Minor | — |
| Egyptian | 2850–715 B.C. | Nile valley | Thebes, Memphis,
Tanis |
| Etruscan | 900–396 B.C. | Northern Italy | — |
| Greek | 900–200 B.C. | Greece | Athens, Sparta,
Thebes, Mycenae,
Corinth |
| Hittite | 1640–1200 B.C. | Asia Minor, Syria | Hattusas, Nesa |
| Indus Valley | 3000–1500 B.C. | Pakistan,
Northwestern India | — |
| Lydian | 700–547 B.C. | Western Asia Minor | Sardis, Miletus |
| Mede | 835–550 B.C. | Iran | Media |
| Minoan | 3000–1100 B.C. | Crete | Knossos |
| Persian | 559–330 B.C. | Iran, Asia Minor, Syria | Persepolis,
Pasargadae |
| Phoenician | 1100–332 B.C. | Palestine (colonies:
Gibraltar, Carthage,
Sardinia) | Tyre, Sidon, Byblos |
| Phrygian | 1000–547 B.C. | Central Asia Minor | Gordion |
| Roman | 500 B.C.–A.D. 300 | Italy, Mediterranean
region, Asia Minor,
western Europe | Rome, Byzantium |
| Scythian | 800–300 B.C. | Caucasus | — |
| Sumerian | 3200–2360 B.C. | Mesopotamia | Ur, Nippur |
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