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Townes, Charles Hard

(Encyclopedia) Townes, Charles Hard, 1915–2015, American physicist and educator, b. Greenville, S.C. He was educated at Furman Univ., Duke, and the California Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1939),…

Chinese exclusion

(Encyclopedia) Chinese exclusion, policy of prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States; initiated in 1882. From the time of the U.S. acquisition of California (1848) there had…

hunger strike

(Encyclopedia) hunger strike, refusal to eat as a protest against existing conditions. Although most often used by prisoners, others have also employed it. For example, Mohandas Gandhi in India and…

soap plant

(Encyclopedia) soap plant, any of various plants having cleansing properties. A few are of commercial importance, but most soap plants are used locally, as in early times, for toilet and laundry…

Crabtree, Lotta

(Encyclopedia) Crabtree, Lotta, 1847–1924, American actress, b. New York City. A protégée of Lola Montez, she became, while still a child, a favorite in California mining camps with her sprightly…

Costa Mesa

(Encyclopedia) Costa Mesa Costa Mesa kŏsˈtə māˈsə [key], city (2020 pop. 111,918), Orange co., S Calif., on the…

Garcetti, Eric Michael

(Encyclopedia) Garcetti, Eric Michael, 1971–, American politician, b. Los Angeles, grad. Columbia (B.A., 1993; M.A., 1993), stud. Oxford and London School of Economics. The son of Los Angeles…

Huntington Beach

(Encyclopedia) Huntington Beach, city (2020 pop. 198,711), Orange co., S Calif., on the Pacific coast, across from Santa Catalina Island, in an oil-…

Hilgard, Eugene Woldemar

(Encyclopedia) Hilgard, Eugene WoldemarHilgard, Eugene Woldemarhĭlˈgärd [key], 1833–1916, American agricultural chemist and geologist, Ph.D. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1853. Born in Germany, he was brought…

Irvine, city, United States

(Encyclopedia) Irvine Irvine ûrˈvīn [key], city (2020 pop. 307,670), Orange co., SW Calif.; inc. 1971. Its…