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Grasse, François Joseph Paul, comte de

(Encyclopedia) Grasse, François Joseph Paul, comte deGrasse, François Joseph Paul, comte defräNswäˈ zhôzĕfˈ pōl kôNt də gräs [key], 1722–88, French admiral. In 1781, in command of a French fleet sent…

William I, king of the Netherlands

(Encyclopedia) William I, 1772–1843, first king of the Netherlands and grand duke of Luxembourg (1815–40), son of Prince William V of Orange, last stadtholder of the Netherlands. He commanded (1793–…

French architecture

(Encyclopedia) French architecture, structures created in the area of Europe that is now France. Engineers and architects, including François Hennebique, Auguste Perret, and Tony Garnier, pioneered…

David, John Baptist Mary

(Encyclopedia) David, John Baptist Mary, 1761–1841, French missionary in the United States, b. Brittany. He was educated at Nantes, joined the Sulpicians, and because of the French Revolution…

Gérard, Étienne Maurice

(Encyclopedia) Gérard, Étienne MauriceGérard, Étienne Mauriceātyĕnˈ môrēsˈ zhārärˈ [key], 1773–1852, French army officer. He fought with distinction in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars,…

Elizabeth, sister of King Louis XVI of France

(Encyclopedia) Elizabeth, 1764–94, sister of King Louis XVI of France, known as Madame Elizabeth. Deeply loyal to her brother, she remained in France during the French Revolution, suffered…

Custine, Adam Philippe, comte de

(Encyclopedia) Custine, Adam Philippe, comte deCustine, Adam Philippe, comte deädäNˈ fēlēpˈ kôNt də küstēnˈ [key], 1740–93, French general. He served in the Seven Years War and in the American…

Electoral Revolution: Yugoslavia and Mexico

In Sept. 2000, federal elections in Yugoslavia formally ended the autocratic rule of Slobodan Milosevic, who had entangled his country in almost continuous war, first with the breakaway republics of…

Quiz: American Revolution Locations

The American Revolution was a pivotal moment in world history, as the fledgling colonies of North America fought for independence against the powerful British Empire. Many locations played a critical…