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Victoria, queen of Great Britain and Ireland

(Encyclopedia) Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria)Victoriaălˌĭgzăndrēˈnə [key], 1819–1901, queen of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901) and empress of India (1876–1901). She was the daughter of Edward…

Browning, Robert

(Encyclopedia) Browning, Robert, 1812–89, English poet. His remarkably broad and sound education was primarily the work of his artistic and scholarly parents—in particular his father, a London bank…

commune, in medieval history

(Encyclopedia) communecommunekômˈy&oomacr;n [key], in medieval history, collective institution that developed in continental Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. Because of the importance…

Richardson, John

(Encyclopedia) Richardson, John, 1796–1852, first Canadian novelist to write in English. He fought in the War of 1812 and later served with the British army in England, Spain, and Barbados. His most…

Ware, Henry

(Encyclopedia) Ware, Henry, 1764–1845, American clergyman, instrumental in the founding of Unitarianism in the United States, b. Sherborn, Mass., grad. Harvard, 1785. As pastor (1787–1805) of the…

Sullivan, Robert Baldwin

(Encyclopedia) Sullivan, Robert Baldwin, 1802–53, Canadian politician and judge, b. Ireland. He emigrated to Canada in 1819, became a lawyer, and was elected mayor of Toronto (1835). He became a…

Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and German king

(Encyclopedia) Frederick II, 1194–1250, Holy Roman emperor (1220–50) and German king (1212–20), king of Sicily (1197–1250), and king of Jerusalem (1229–50), son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and of…

Gotthelf, Jeremias

(Encyclopedia) Gotthelf, JeremiasGotthelf, Jeremiasyārāmēˈäs gôtˈhĕlf [key], 1797–1854, Swiss writer and clergyman. His real name was Albert Bitzius; his pen name is that of the hero of his…

Duyckinck, Evert Augustus

(Encyclopedia) Duyckinck, Evert AugustusDuyckinck, Evert Augustusdīˈkĭngk [key], 1816–78, American editor and biographer, b. New York City, grad. Columbia, 1835. From 1840 to 1842 he edited Arturus,…