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Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi

(Encyclopedia) Muhammad Reza Shah PahleviMuhammad Reza Shah Pahlevim&oomacr;hämˈmäd rĭzä shä păˈləvē [key], 1919–80, shah of Iran (1941–79). Educated in Switzerland, he returned (1935) to Iran to…

Klaus, Václav

(Encyclopedia) Klaus, VáclavKlaus, Václavvätˈsläf [key]Klaus, Václav klous [key], 1941–, Czech politician. A staunch free-market economist and leader (1991–2002) of the Civic Democratic party, he has…

Kronshtadt

(Encyclopedia) Kronshtadt or CronstadtCronstadtboth: krənshtätˈ [key], city, NW European Russia, on the small island of Kotlin in the Gulf of Finland, c.15 mi (20 km) from Saint Petersburg. It is one…

Charles University

(Encyclopedia) Charles University, at Prague, Czech Republic; also called Univ. of Prague. The oldest and one of the most important universities of central Europe, it was founded in 1348 by Holy…

Horthy de Nagybanya, Nicholas

(Encyclopedia) Horthy de Nagybanya, NicholasHorthy de Nagybanya, Nicholashôrˈtĭ də nŏˈdyəbäˌnyŏ [key], Hung. Nagybányai Horthy Miklós, 1868–1957, Hungarian admiral and regent. He commanded the Austro…

Six, Les

(Encyclopedia) Six, LesSix, Leslā sēs [key], a short-lived group of six young early 20th-century French musicians. They were united by their adverse reactions to the extravagant impressionism of…

Palacký, František

(Encyclopedia) Palacký, FrantišekPalacký, Františekfränˈtyĭshĕk päˈlätskē [key], 1798–1876, Czech nationalist and historian, b. Moravia. Regarded as the father of the modern Czech nation, Palacký…

Sofia

(Encyclopedia) SofiaSofiasōfēˈə, sōˈfēə [key], Bulg. Sofiya, city (1993 pop. 1,114,476), capital of Bulgaria, W central Bulgaria, on a high plain surrounded by the Balkan Mts. It is Bulgaria's chief…

Albert I, Holy Roman Emperor

(Encyclopedia) Albert I, c.1250–1308, Holy Roman Emperor (1298–1308), son of Rudolf I. Albert was invested with Austria and Styria in 1282 by his father, who also hoped to secure the succession as…

graffito

(Encyclopedia) graffitograffitogräf-fēˈtō [key]. 1 Method of ornamenting architectural plaster surfaces. The designs are produced by scratching a topcoat of plaster to reveal an undercoat of…