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Willughby, Francis

(Encyclopedia) Willughby, FrancisWillughby, Franciswĭlˈəbē [key], 1635–72, English naturalist. He is known especially for his early systematic work on birds and fishes, in which he made some of the…

Ferdinand, emperor of Austria

(Encyclopedia) Ferdinand, 1793–1875, emperor of Austria (1835–48), son and successor of Emperor Francis I (who also, as Francis II, had been the last Holy Roman emperor). A well-meaning monarch in…

Francis I, Holy Roman emperor

(Encyclopedia) Francis I, 1708–65, Holy Roman emperor (1745–65), duke of Lorraine (1729–37) as Francis Stephen, grand duke of Tuscany (1737–65), husband of Archduchess Maria Theresa. He succeeded his…

Italian literature

(Encyclopedia) Italian literature, writings in the Italian language, as distinct from earlier works in Latin and French. In the second half of the 19th cent. Francesco De Sanctis, literary critic…

Ellesmere, Francis Egerton, 1st earl of

(Encyclopedia) Ellesmere, Francis Egerton, 1st earl ofEllesmere, Francis Egerton, 1st earl ofĕlzˈmēr [key], 1800–1857, British politician, author, and philanthropist. His family name was Leveson-…

Newlands, Francis Griffith

(Encyclopedia) Newlands, Francis Griffith, 1848–1917, American legislator, b. Natchez, Miss. After practicing law in San Francisco from 1870, he moved (1888) to Nevada. He became well known for his…

Crépy, Treaty of

(Encyclopedia) Crépy, Treaty ofCrépy, Treaty ofkrāpēˈ [key], 1544, concluded by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and King Francis I of France at Crépy-en-Laonnois (formerly spelled Crespy), Aisne dept.,…

Francis II, duke of Brittany

(Encyclopedia) Francis II, 1435–88, duke of Brittany. He succeeded (1458) his uncle Arthur III. In his struggle with the French crown for the independence of his duchy, Francis entered (1465) the…

Medici, Gian Gastone de'

(Encyclopedia) Medici, Gian Gastone de'Medici, Gian Gastone de'jän gästôˈnā [key]Medici, Gian Gastone de' dā mĕˈdĭchē, Ital. māˈdēchē [key], 1671–1737, grand duke of Tuscany (1723–37); son and…

Étampes, Anne de Pisseleu, duchesse d'

(Encyclopedia) Étampes, Anne de Pisseleu, duchesse d'Étampes, Anne de Pisseleu, duchesse d'än də pēslöˈ düshĕsˈ dātäNpˈ [key], 1508–1580?, official mistress of Francis I of France from 1526.…