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Key to Pronunciation Symbols
| u |
sofa (sO ´fu ), ite m (I ´tu m), easi ly (E ´zu lE ), canno n (kan´u n), circu s (sÛr´ku s) |
| a |
a ct (akt), ba t (bat) |
| A |
a pe (A p), fai l (fA l), day (dA ) |
| â |
ai r (âr), ca re (kâr) |
| ä |
a rt (ärt), fa ther (fä´ðu r) |
| b |
b ack (bak), lab or (lA ´bu r), cab (kab) |
| ch |
ch in (chin), hatch et (hach´u t), rich (rich) |
| d |
d ock (dok), lad y (lA ´dE ), sad (sad) |
| e |
e nd (end), stea dy (sted´E ), me t (met) |
| E |
e ve (E v), clea r (klE r), see (sE ) |
| f |
f at (fat), ph ase (fA z), cough (kôf) |
| g |
g et (get), bigg er (big´u r), tag (tag) |
| h |
h and (hand), ah ead (u hed´) |
| hw |
wh eel (hwE l), wh ich (hwich) |
| i |
i t (it), pi ll (pil), mi rror (mir´u r) |
| I |
i ron (I ´u rn), eye (I ), buy er (bI ´u r) |
| j |
j am (jam), g ing er (jin´ju r), edg e (ej) |
| k |
k it (kit), tack le (tak´u l), c ook (kook) |
| l |
l ittl e (lit´u l), holl y (hol´E), pull (pool) |
| m |
m an (man), hamm er (ham´u r), climb (klI m) |
| n |
n ew (noo), kn own (nO n), winn er (win´u r) |
| ng |
sing ing (sing´ing), fin ger (fing´gu r), sang (sang), san k (sangk) |
| o |
ho t (hot), bo dy (bod´E ) |
| O |
o ver (O ´vu r), ho pe (hO p), grow (grO ) |
| ô |
o rbit (ôr´bit), fa ll (fôl), saw (sô) |
| oo |
foo t (foot), wo lf (woolf), pu t (poot), pu re (pyoor) |
| OO |
boo t (bOO t), lo se (lOO z), drew (drOO ), true (trOO ) |
| oi |
oi l (oil), roy al (roi´u l), boy (boi) |
| ou |
ou t (out), crow d (kroud), how (hou) |
| p |
p ip e (pI p), happ y (hap´E ) |
| r |
r oad (rO d), appear ed (u pE rd´), car penter (kär´pu ntu r) |
| s |
s o (sO ), c ite (sI t), bas te (bA st) |
| sh |
sh all (shal), s ure (shOO r), nati on (nA ´shu n) |
| t |
t ight (tI t), bett er (bet´u r), t alked (tôkt) |
| th |
th in (thin), bath (bath) |
| ð |
th en (ðen), fath er (fä´ðu r), bath e (bA ð) |
| u |
bu t (but), floo d (flud), so me (sum) |
| Û |
cu rl (kÛrl), gi rl (gÛrl), fe rn (fÛrn), wo rm (wÛrm) |
| v |
v est (vest), triv ial (triv´E u l), ev e (E v) |
| w |
w ax (waks), tw ins (twinz), cow ard (kou´u rd) |
| y |
y ou (yOO ), oni on (un´yu n) |
| z |
z ipper (zip´u r), eas e (E z), treads (tredz) |
| zh |
pleas ure (plezh´u r), roug e (rOO zh) |
Foreign Sounds
| ö |
as in French peu (pö), German Goe the (gö´tu ) |
| ü |
as in French Clu ny (klünE ´) |
| kh |
as in German ach (äkh), ich (ikh); Scottish loch (lokh) |
| N |
this symbol indicates that the preceding vowel is nasal as in French ci nq (saNk), u n (öN), sa ns (säN), to mbe (tôNb), e n (äN) |
Accents and Hyphens
| ´ |
primary accent, written after accented vowel or syllable: Nebraska (nu bras´ku ), James Buchanan (byOO ka´nu n) |
| " |
secondary accent: Mississippi (mis"u s-sip´E ) |
| ñ |
dash, replacing obvious portion of pronunciation: hegemony (hijem´u nE, hE ñ, hej´u mO "nE , heg´u ñ) |
| - |
hyphen, to prevent ambiguity in syllabification: Erlanger (Ûr´lang-u r), dishearten (dis-här´tu n) |
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