The Global Market and Developing NationsProduction and Income ClassificationsAnother quantitative method of classifying national economies is by per capita GDP or per capita income. In 2000, the approximate average per capita GDP for the three levels of nations broke out as follows:
EconoTalkThe 80-20 Rule states that 80 percent of an effect is attributable to 20 percent of the cause. For instance, 80 percent of a company's sales come from 20 percent of its sales force, or 80 percent of its profits come from 20 percent of its products. The formal name for this rule is the Pareto Principle, named for the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), who realized that 20 percent of his country's population owned 80 percent of its wealth. The Pareto Principle is not really a statistically proven “rule.” It's really a rule of thumb (because your thumbs account for 20 percent of your fingers, but do 80 percent of their work). As the table shows, developed nations enjoy five and a half times the per capita GDP of developing nations. Newly industrialized nations have over three times the per capita GDP of less developed nations. You may recall that in the United States, households in the top 20 percent, the highest income quintile, earn almost 50 percent of the nation's income. The other 80 percent of the population divide up the other 50 percent. I presented this as an indicator of income inequality in the United States. Income inequality on a worldwide level is even more pronounced. The top 20 percent of the world's population earns about 80 percent of its income. While this may be yet another instance of the 80-20 Rule, it also means that 80 percent of the population is getting by on 20 percent of the world's income. The World Bank classifies countries into high income, upper middle income, lower middle income, and low income groups. The average incomes for each group, in 1995 U.S. dollars, and examples of nations in each group, are as follows:
Here are the numbers and percentages of the world's population in each of these groups:
Here are selected characteristics I've chosen from those compiled by the World Bank on the four groups of economies. (You can find more of these data, which are called competitiveness factors, at worldbank.org/psd/compete.nsf.)
These data speak for themselves. They show the correlation between technological and communications infrastructure (telephones and so on) and economic success. They also show the importance of investment in human capital in terms of literacy and scientific and technical education. The low life expectancy in low income countries indicates the lack of adequate nutrition and health care, and a high infant mortality rate.  Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics © 2003 by Tom Gorman. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. To order this book direct from the publisher, visit the Penguin USA website or call 1-800-253-6476. You can also purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble. 
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