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History and Government—Congressional Biographies—KentuckyCLAY, Henry
(1777—1852)
Senate Years of Service:
1806-1807; 1810-1811; 1831-1842; 1849-1852
Party:
Democratic Republican; National Republican; Whig
CLAY, Henry, (father of James Brown Clay), a Senator and a Representative from Kentucky; born in the district known as “the Slashes,” Hanover County, Va., April 12, 1777; attended the public schools; studied law in Richmond, Va.; admitted to the bar in 1797 and commenced practice in Lexington, Ky.; member, State house of representatives 1803; elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Adair and served from November 19, 1806, to March 3, 1807, despite being younger than the constitutional age limit of thirty years; member, State house of representatives 1808-1809, and served as speaker in 1809; again elected as a Democratic Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Buckner Thruston and served from January 4, 1810, to March 3, 1811; elected as a Democratic Republican to the Twelfth and Thirteenth Congresses and served from March 4, 1811, to January 19, 1814, when he resigned; Speaker of the House of Representatives (Twelfth and Thirteenth Congresses); appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate the treaty of peace with Great Britain in 1814; elected as a Democratic Republican to the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Congresses (March 4, 1815-March 3, 1821); Speaker of the House of Representatives (Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Congresses); elected to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Congresses and served from March 3, 1823, to March 6, 1825, when he resigned; again served as Speaker of the House of Representatives (Eighteenth Congress); appointed Secretary of State by President John Quincy Adams 1825-1829; elected as a National Republican to the United States Senate on November 10, 1831, to fill the vacancy in the term commencing March 4, 1831; reelected as a Whig in 1836 and served from November 10, 1831, until March 31, 1842, when he resigned; chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations (Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Congresses), Committee on Finance (Twenty-seventh Congress); unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Democratic Republican Party in 1824, of the National Republican Party in 1832, and of the Whig Party in 1844; again elected to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1849, until his death in Washington, D.C., June 29, 1852; lay in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, July 1, 1852; funeral services held in the Senate Chamber; interment in Lexington Cemetery, Lexington, Ky.
Bibliography
American National Biography
; Dictionary of American Biography
; Clay, Henry. The Papers of Henry Clay, 1797-1852
. Edited by James Hopkins, Mary Hargreaves, Robert Seager II, Melba Porter Hay et al. 11 vols. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959-1992; Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
. New York: W. W. Norton Co., 1991.
Alexander, Holmes Moss. The Famous Five
. New York: Bookmailer, 1958.
Baxter, Maurice G. Henry Clay and the American System
. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995.
___. Henry Clay: The Lawyer
. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000.
Bearss, Sara B. “Henry Clay and the American Claims Against Portugal, 1850.” Journal of the Early Republic
7 (Summer 1987): 167-80.
Binkley, Robert W., Jr. “The American System; An Example of Nineteenth-Century Economic Thinking—Its Definition by Its Author, Henry Clay.” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1950.
Blakey, George T. “Rendezvous with Republicanism: John Pope vs. Henry Clay in 1816.” Indiana Magazine of History
62 (September 1966): 233-50.
Brent, Robert A. “Between Calhoun and Webster: Clay in 1850.” Southern Quarterly
8 (April 1970): 293-308.
Brown, Thomas. “Henry Clay and the Politics of Consensus.” In Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party
, pp. 117-53. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.
Clay, Henry. The Papers of Henry Clay, 1797-1852
. Edited by James Hopkins, Mary Hargreaves, Robert Seager II, Melba Porter Hay et al. 11 vols. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1959-1992.
Clay, Thomas Hart. Henry Clay
. Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs Co., 1910. Ellis P. Oberholtzer completed the manuscript after Thomas Hart Clay’s death in 1907.
Colton, Calvin. The Last Seven Years of the Life of Henry Clay
. New York: A.S. Barnes Co., 1856.
___. Life and Times of Henry Clay
. 2 vols. 1846. Reprint, with new introduction by Michael Hudson. New York: Garland Publishing, 1974.
___, ed. The Private Correspondence of Henry Clay
. 1855. Reprint. Freeport: Books for Libraries Press, 1971.
___, ed. The Speeches of Henry Clay
. 2 vols. New York: A.S. Barnes Co., 1857.
___, ed. The Works of Henry Clay
. 6 vols. New York: A.S. Barnes Burr, 1855-1857.
Eaton, Clement. Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics
. Boston: Little, Brown Co., 1957.
Eichert, Magdalen. “A Consideration of the Interests Which Lay Behind the Attitudes of Benton, Clay, Webster, and Calhoun in the Development of Public Land Policy, 1830-1841.” Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1950.
___. “Henry Clay’s Policy of Distribution of the Proceeds from Public Land Sales.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
52 (January 1954): 25-32.
Follett, Mary Parker. “Henry Clay as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.” In Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1891
, vol. 1, pp. 256-65. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1892.
Foster, Thomas, and George Cochran. Eulogies Delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States on the Life and Character of Hon. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, Hon. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and Hon. Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts
. Washington: Foster Cochran, 1853.
Gantz, Richard Alan. “Henry Clay and the Harvest of Bitter Fruit: The Struggle with John Tyler, 1841-1842.” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1986.
Gerland, Jonathan Kirk. “Henry Clay and United States Indian Policy: An Assessment.” Master’s thesis, Stephen F. Austin State University, 1991.
Harrington, J. Drew. “Henry Clay and the Classics.” Filson Club History Quarterly
61 (April 1987): 234-46.
Hendricks, Rickey L. “Henry Clay and Jacksonian Indian Policy: A Political Anachronism.” Filson Club History Quarterly
60 (April 1986): 218-38.
Howe, Daniel Walker. “Henry Clay, Ideologue of the Center.” In The Political Culture of the American Whigs
, pp. 123-49. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
Jasinski, James. “The Forms and Limits of Prudence in Henry Clay’s (1850) Defense of the Compromise Measures.” Quarterly Journal of Speech
81 (November 1995): 454-78.
Johnson, Gerald W. America’s Silver Age: The Statecraft of Clay-Webster-Calhoun
. New York: Harper Brothers, 1939.
Jones, Thomas B. “Henry Clay and Continental Expansion, 1820-1844.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
73 (July 1975): 241-62.
Klein, Larry Dean. “Henry Clay, Nationalist.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1977.
Knupfer, Peter B. “Compromise and Statesmanship: Henry Clay’s Union.” In The Union As It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787-1861
, pp. 119-57. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
___. “Henry Clay’s Constitutional Unionism.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
89 (Winter 1991): 32-60.
Krueger, David W. “The Clay-Tyler Feud, 1841-1842.” Filson Club History Quarterly 42 (April 1968): 162-77.
Lightfoot, Alfred. “Henry Clay and the Missouri Question, 1819-1821.” Missouri Historical Review
61 (January 1967): 143-65.
Lindsey, David. Henry Clay-Andrew Jackson: Democracy and Enterprise. Cleveland: H. Allen, 1962.
Maness, Lonnie Edward. “Henry Clay and the Problem of Slavery.” Ph.D. dissertation, Memphis State University, 1980.
Mathias, Frank F. “Henry Clay and His Kentucky Power Base.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
78 (Spring 1980): 123-39.
Mayo, Bernard. Henry Clay, Spokesman of the West. 1937. Reprint. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1966.
Morley, Margaret Ruth. “The Edge of Empire: Henry Clay’s American System and the Formulation of American Foreign Policy, 1810-1833.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1972.
Neely, Mark E., Jr. “American Nationalism in the Image of Henry Clay: Abraham Lincoln’s Eulogy on Henry Clay in Context.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
73 (January 1975): 31-60.
Oates, Stephen B. “Harry of the West: Henry Clay.” Timeline
8 (October-November 1991): 2-19.
Peterson, Merrill D. The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Poage, George Rawlings. Henry Clay and the Whig Party
. 1936. Reprint. Gloucester, MA: P. Smith, 1965.
Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union
. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 1991.
Rogers, Joseph Morgan. The True Henry Clay
. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1904.
Schmucker, Samuel M. The Life and Times of Henry Clay
. Philadelphia: J.E. Potter Co., 1860.
Schurz, Carl. Henry Clay
. 2 vols. 1887. Reprint of 1899 ed., with new introduction by Glyndon G. Van Deusen. New York: Chelsea House, 1980. Originally published as Life of Henry Clay.
Seager, Robert, II. “Henry Clay and the Politics of Compromise and Non-Compromise.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
85 (Winter 1987): 1-28.
Shankman, Kimberly Christner. Compromise and the Constitution: The Political Thought of Henry Clay
. Lanham: Lexington Books, 1999.
Shannon, Jasper B. “Henry Clay as a Political Leader.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1934.
U.S. Congress. Obituary Addresses on the Occasion of the Death of the Hon. Henry Clay, a Senator of the United States from the State of Kentucky
. 32d Cong., 1st sess., 1851-1852. Washington: R. Armstrong, 1852.
Van Deburg, William L. “Henry Clay, the Right of Petition, and Slavery in the Nation’s Capital.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
68 (April 1970): 132-46.
Van Deusen, Glyndon G. The Life of Henry Clay
. 1937. Reprint. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979.
Watson, Harry L. Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay: Democracy and Development in Antebellum America
. Boston: Bedford, 1998.
Winkler, James R. “Henry Clay: A Current Assessment.” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
70 (July 1972): 179-86.
___. “The Political Economy of Henry Clay.” Ph.D. dissertation, Fordham University, 1969.
Source: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771-Present
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