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2004 National Book Critics Circle Awards

Fiction: Gilead, Marilynne Robinson (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)General Nonfiction: The Reformation: A History, Diarmaid MacCulloch (Viking)Biography or Autobiography: De Kooning: An American…

1999 PEN Literary Award Winners

PEN/Laura Pels Award for DramaEdward Albee, master American dramatistPaula Vogel, playwright in mid-careerPEN/Joyce Osterweil Award for an Emerging PoetNick FlynnPEN/Spielvogel-Diamonstein…

Robinson, Jackie

(Encyclopedia) Robinson, Jackie (Jack Roosevelt Robinson), 1919–72, American baseball player, the first African-American player in the modern major leagues, b. Cairo, Ga. He grew up in Pasadena,…

Robinson, Eddie

(Encyclopedia) Robinson, Eddie (Edward Gay Robinson), 1919–2007, African-American football coach, b. Jackson, La., grad. Leland College, Baker, La. (B.A., 1941), Univ. of Iowa (M.A., 1954). A college…

Robinson, Theodore

(Encyclopedia) Robinson, Theodore, 1852–96, American painter, b. Irasburg, Vt. Beginning his career as a realist, Robinson was profoundly influenced by his meeting with Monet in 1888. Translating the…

Robinson, Sugar Ray

(Encyclopedia) Robinson, Sugar Ray, 1920–89, American boxer, b. Detroit as Walker Smith, Jr. He began boxing after three years of high school in New York City. Having won all his amateur fights (…

Robinson, Sir Robert

(Encyclopedia) Robinson, Sir Robert, 1886–1975, British chemist, D.Sc. Univ. of Manchester, 1910. Robinson taught at the universities of Sydney (1912–15), Liverpool (1915–20), St. Andrews (1921–22),…

Robinson, Joan Violet

(Encyclopedia) Robinson, Joan Violet, 1903–83, British economist, b. Surrey, England. A socialist, she worked with Keynes and taught at Cambridge (1931–71). Her treatise, The Economics of Imperfect…

Robinson, Joseph Taylor

(Encyclopedia) Robinson, Joseph Taylor, 1872–1937, U.S. legislator, b. Lonoke co., Ark. He was admitted (1895) to the bar and served (1903–13) in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1913 he became…