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Venezuela Claims

(Encyclopedia) Venezuela Claims. In 1902, due to civil strife and to gross mismanagement during the administration of Cipriano Castro, Venezuelan finances were chaotic. Great Britain, Germany, and…

Bayes, Thomas

(Encyclopedia) Bayes, Thomas, 1702–61, English clergyman and mathematician. The son of a Nonconformist minister, he was privately educated and earned his livelihood as a minister to the Nonconformist…

Sabellius

(Encyclopedia) Sabellius, fl. 215, Christian priest and theologian, b. probably Libya or Egypt. He went to Rome, became the leader of those who accepted the doctrine of modalistic monarchianism, and…

Pan-Germanism

(Encyclopedia) Pan-Germanism, German nationalist doctrine aiming at the union of all German-speaking peoples under German rule. Pan-Germanists considered that not only the German groups in…

Suárez, Francisco

(Encyclopedia) Suárez, FranciscoSuárez, Franciscofränthēsˈkō swäˈrāth [key], 1548–1617, Spanish Jesuit philosopher, b. Granada. He studied at Salamanca and was ordained in 1572. He taught…

Kidd, Benjamin

(Encyclopedia) Kidd, Benjamin, 1858–1916, English social philosopher. His most noted work, Social Evolution (1894), sets forth his doctrine of the constant strife between individual and public…

catastrophism

(Encyclopedia) catastrophismcatastrophismkətăsˈtrəfĭzəm [key], in geology, the doctrine that at intervals in the earth's history all living things have been destroyed by cataclysms (e.g., floods or…

Peter Lombard

(Encyclopedia) Peter Lombard, Lat. Petrus Lombardus, c.1100–c.1160, Italian theologian, often called Magister Sententiarum. He studied at Bologna, Reims, and Paris, where he is said to have been a…

nullification

(Encyclopedia) nullification, in U.S. history, a doctrine expounded by the advocates of extreme states' rights. It held that states have the right to declare null and void any federal law that they…