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Barnes, Harry Elmer

(Encyclopedia) Barnes, Harry Elmer, 1889–1968, American historian and sociologist, b. Auburn, N.Y. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1918 and taught economics, sociology, and history at various…

pastry

(Encyclopedia) pastry, general name for baked articles of food made of paste or having paste as a necessary ingredient. The name is also used for the paste itself. The essential elements of paste are…

Rougemont, Denis de

(Encyclopedia) Rougemont, Denis deRougemont, Denis dedənēˈ də r&oomacr;zhmôNˈ [key], 1906–85, French philosopher and critic, b. Switzerland. He moved to Paris in 1936 and published numerous…

rock garden

(Encyclopedia) rock garden, garden planned around natural rock formations or rocks artificially arranged to simulate natural (often mountainous) conditions. The concept of rock gardens is believed to…

coffin

(Encyclopedia) coffin, closed receptacle for a corpse. Its purpose is usually to protect and to aid preservation of the body, although in the past some have believed that it may confine the spirit of…

Fuller, John Frederick Charles

(Encyclopedia) Fuller, John Frederick Charles, 1878–1966, British soldier. In World War I, he recognized the importance of mechanized warfare and, as general staff officer of the tank corps, planned…

Harsha, Indian emperor

(Encyclopedia) HarshaHarshahûrˈshə [key], b. c.590, Indian emperor (606–47). He became (606) king of a small state in the upper Ganges Valley, and by 612 he had built up a vast army with which he…

Fogel, Robert William

(Encyclopedia) Fogel, Robert William, 1926–2013, American economic historian, b. New York City, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins, 1964. He taught at Univ. of Chicago (1964–75, 1981–2013) and Harvard (1975–81). In…

inoculation

(Encyclopedia) inoculation, in medicine, introduction of a preparation into the tissues or fluids of the body for the purpose of preventing or curing certain diseases. The preparation is usually a…

Hsüan-tsang

(Encyclopedia) Hsüan-tsangHsüan-tsangshüän-dzäng [key], 605?–664, Chinese Buddhist scholar and translator. He early entered monastic life and later traveled in China, teaching and studying. Between…