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Verdun, Treaty of

(Encyclopedia) Verdun, Treaty of, the partition of Charlemagne's empire among three sons of Louis I, emperor of the West. It was concluded in 843 at Verdun on the Meuse or, possibly, Verdun-sur-le-…

Spaak, Paul Henri

(Encyclopedia) Spaak, Paul HenriSpaak, Paul Henripôl äNrēˈ späk [key], 1899–1972, Belgian statesman and Socialist leader. He held various cabinet posts after 1935 and served almost continually as…

bourgeoisie

(Encyclopedia) bourgeoisiebourgeoisieb&oobreve;rzhwäzēˈ, originally the name for the inhabitants of walled towns in medieval France; as artisans and craftsmen, the bourgeoisie occupied a…

brasses, ornamental

(Encyclopedia) brasses, ornamental. Brass, a copper-zinc alloy produced since imperial Roman times, is closely associated in art with bronze, a copper-tin alloy (see bronze sculpture). Brass was…

falconry

(Encyclopedia) falconryfalconryfôlˈkənrē, fôˈ–, fălˈ– [key], sport of hunting birds or small animals with falcons or other types of hawks; eagles are used in some parts of the world. It was known to…

Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigoryevich

(Encyclopedia) Ehrenburg, Ilya GrigoryevichEhrenburg, Ilya Grigoryevichēlyäˈ grĭgôrˈyəvĭch āˈrənb&oobreve;rk [key], 1891–1967, Russian journalist and novelist, whose name is also spelled Erenburg…

Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevich

(Encyclopedia) Tolstoy, Aleksey NikolayevichTolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevichtŏlˈstoi, Rus. əlyĭksyāˈ [key]Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevichnyĭkəlīˈəvĭch [key]Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevich təlstoiˈ [key],…

Calixtus II

(Encyclopedia) Calixtus II,&sp;Callixtus II, or Callistus II, d. 1124, pope (1119–24), named Guy of Burgundy, successor of Gelasius II. The son of count William I of Burgundy, he was archbishop…

Bevin, Ernest

(Encyclopedia) Bevin, ErnestBevin, Ernestbĕvˈən [key], 1881–1951, British labor leader and statesman. An orphan who earned his own living from childhood, he began a long career as a trade union…

Alcuin

(Encyclopedia) AlcuinAlcuinălˈkwĭn [key] or AlbinusAlbinusălbīˈnəs [key], 735?–804, English churchman and educator. He was educated at the cathedral school of York by a disciple of Bede; he became…