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lily of the valley

(Encyclopedia) lily of the valley, common name for either of the two species of Convallaria, spring-blooming perennials of the family Liliaceae (lily family). C. majalis, the species usually in…

Philip, Roman emperor

(Encyclopedia) Philip or Philip the Arabian (Marcus Julius Philippus), 204?–249, Roman emperor (244–49). He served under Gordian III against the Persians, instigated the assassination of the emperor…

Giocondo, Fra Giovanni

(Encyclopedia) Giocondo, Fra GiovanniGiocondo, Fra Giovannifrä jōvänˈnē jōkônˈdō [key], c.1435–1515, Italian architect, engineer, and antiquary. A Franciscan friar, he was accomplished in philosophy…

Francis I, king of the Two Sicilies

(Encyclopedia) Francis I, 1777–1830, king of the Two Sicilies (1825–30), son and successor of Ferdinand I. He continued the ruthless and reactionary policy of his father, and his court was notorious…

Francis II, king of the Two Sicilies

(Encyclopedia) Francis II, 1836–94, last king of the Two Sicilies (1859–61), son and successor of Ferdinand II. A weak ruler, he let his ministers follow his father's reactionary policy. Faced with…

Ferdinand I, king of the Two Sicilies

(Encyclopedia) Ferdinand I, 1751–1825, king of the Two Sicilies (1816–25). He had previously been king of Naples (1759–99, 1799–1805, 1815–16) as Ferdinand IV and king of Sicily (1759–1816) as…

Ferdinand II, king of the Two Sicilies

(Encyclopedia) Ferdinand II, 1810–59, king of the Two Sicilies (1830–59), son and successor of Francis I. Although initially he sought to improve the wretched conditions of his kingdom, he soon…

Briosco, Andrea

(Encyclopedia) Briosco, AndreaBriosco, Andreaändrĕˈä brēôsˈkō [key], 1470?–1532, Italian architect and sculptor, known also as Andrea Riccio [curly-headed], b. Padua. As an architect, he created…

Book of the Dead

(Encyclopedia) Book of the Dead, term used to describe Egyptian funerary literature. The texts consist of charms, spells, and formulas for use by the deceased in the afterworld and contain many of…

Hawks, Howard

(Encyclopedia) Hawks, Howard (Howard Winchester Hawks), 1896–1977, American film director, b. Goshen, Ind. Although not as well known as such contemporaries as John Ford and Alfred Hitchcock, he has…