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Gibbs, Josiah Willard

(Encyclopedia) Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 1839–1903, American mathematical physicist, b. New Haven, Conn., grad. Yale, 1858. He studied abroad and was professor of mathematical physics at Yale from 1871…

Haliburton, Thomas Chandler

(Encyclopedia) Haliburton, Thomas ChandlerHaliburton, Thomas Chandlerhălˈĭbûrtən [key], pseud. Sam Slick, 1796–1865, Canadian jurist and author. Haliburton was a judge of the court of common pleas in…

Bose-Einstein statistics

(Encyclopedia) Bose-Einstein statistics, class of statistics that applies to elementary particles called bosons, which include the photon, pion, and the W and Z particles. Bosons have integral values…

epidemiology

(Encyclopedia) epidemiology, field of medicine concerned with the study of epidemics, outbreaks of disease that affect large numbers of people. Epidemiologists, using sophisticated statistical…

De Bow, James Dunwoody Brownson

(Encyclopedia) De Bow, James Dunwoody BrownsonDe Bow, James Dunwoody Brownsondə bōˈ [key], 1820–67, American editor and statistician, b. Charleston, S.C. He became (1844) editor of the Southern…

half-life

(Encyclopedia) half-life, measure of the average lifetime of a radioactive substance (see radioactivity) or an unstable subatomic particle. One half-life is the time required for one half of any…

Force, Peter

(Encyclopedia) Force, Peter, 1790–1868, American journalist and historian, b. near Paterson, N.J. He served in the War of 1812 and afterward established himself in Washington, D.C., as a printer.…

turbulence

(Encyclopedia) turbulence, state of violent or agitated behavior in a fluid. Turbulent behavior is characteristic of systems of large numbers of particles, and its unpredictability and randomness has…

Gourlay, Robert Fleming

(Encyclopedia) Gourlay, Robert FlemingGourlay, Robert Flemingg&oobreve;rˈlē [key], 1778–1863, Scottish writer and agitator, b. Fifeshire. He emigrated to Upper Canada (Ontario) in 1817 and at…

vital statistics

(Encyclopedia) vital statistics, primarily records of the number of births and deaths in a population. Other factors, such as number of marriages and causes of death, by age groups, are regularly…