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crystal

(Encyclopedia) CE5 Types of crystal crystal, a solid body bounded by natural plane faces that are the external expression of a regular internal arrangement of constituent atoms, molecules, or…

Noyce, Robert Norton

(Encyclopedia) Noyce, Robert NortonNoyce, Robert Nortonnois [key], 1927–90, American engineer, inventor, and entrepeneur, b. Burlington, Iowa.; grad. Grinnell College (B.A., 1949), Massachusetts…

Calvin Fuller Biography

inventorBorn: 25 May 1902Best Known as: co-creator of the silicon solar cell Chemist Calvin Fuller, along with Bell Labs colleagues Daryl Chapin and Gerald…

Daryl Chapin Biography

inventorBorn: 21 July 1906Best Known as: co-creator of the silicon solar cell Daryl Chapin with Bell Labs colleagues Calvin Fuller and Gerald Pearson developed…

atomic force microscope

(Encyclopedia) atomic force microscope (AFM), device that uses a spring-mounted probe to image individual atoms on the surface of a material, first developed by Gerd Binnig in 1986. Unlike the…

hydrogen fluoride

(Encyclopedia) hydrogen fluoride, chemical compound, HF, a colorless, fuming liquid or colorless gas that boils at 19.54℃. It is miscible with water and is soluble in benzene, toluene, and…

San Jose, city, United States

(Encyclopedia) San JoseSan Josesănəzāˈ, săn hōzāˈ [key], city (1990 pop. 782,248), seat of Santa Clara co., W central Calif.; founded 1777, inc. 1850. Along with San Francisco and Oakland the city…

The Nature of Volcanoes

Volcanoes are built by the accumulation of their own eruptive products—lava, bombs (crusted over ash flows), and tephra (airborne ash and dust). A volcano is most commonly a conical hill or mountain…

ceramics

(Encyclopedia) ceramicsceramicssərămˈĭks [key], materials made of nonmetallic minerals that have been permanently hardened by firing at a high temperature, or objects made of such materials. Most…

hafnium

(Encyclopedia) hafniumhafniumhăfˈnēəm [key], metallic chemical element; symbol Hf; at. no. 72; at. wt. 178.49; m.p. about 2,227℃; b.p. 4,602℃; sp. gr. 13.31 at 20℃; valence +4. Hafnium is a lustrous…