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Henry IV, Spanish king of Castile and León

(Encyclopedia) Henry IV, 1425–74, Spanish king of Castile and León (1454–74), son and successor of John II. His weakness opened the way to civil strife and anarchy. The Castilian nobles refused to…

Margaret Maultasch

(Encyclopedia) Margaret MaultaschMargaret Maultaschmoulˈtäsh [key] [Ger.,=pocket mouth], 1318–69, countess of Tyrol, called the Ugly Duchess, probably because of her unattractive appearance,…

Rulers of France since 987 (table)

(Encyclopedia) Rulers of France since 987(including dates of reign) The Capetians Hugh Capet, 987–96 Robert II (the Pious), son of Hugh Capet, 996–1031 Henry I, son of Robert II, 1031–60…

Saumur

(Encyclopedia) SaumurSaumursōmürˈ [key], town (1990 pop. 30,150), Maine-et-Loire dept., W France, on the Loire River. Saumur is noted for its religious-medal industry (dating from the 17th cent.) and…

Estrées, Gabrielle d'

(Encyclopedia) Estrées, Gabrielle d'Estrées, Gabrielle d'gäbrēĕlˈ dĕstrāˈ [key], 1573–99, famous beauty, mistress (1592–99) of Henry IV of France, who made her marquise of Monceaux and duchess of…

Westmorland, Ralph Neville, 1st earl of

(Encyclopedia) Westmorland, Ralph Neville, 1st earl of, 1364–1425, English nobleman. His family was one of the most powerful in England and shared domination of the northern counties with the Percy…

Valois, royal house of France

(Encyclopedia) ValoisValoisvälwäˈ [key], royal house of France that ruled from 1328 to 1589. At the death of Charles IV, the last of the direct Capetians, the Valois dynasty came to the throne in the…

York, house of

(Encyclopedia) York, house of, royal house of England, deriving its name from the creation of Edmund of Langley, fifth son of Edward III, as duke of York in 1385. The claims to the throne of Edmund's…