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Sufism

(Encyclopedia) SufismSufisms&oomacr;ˈfĭzəm [key], an umbrella term for the ascetic and mystical movements within Islam. While Sufism is said to have incorporated elements of Christian monasticism…

Muzaffar ad-Din

(Encyclopedia) Muzaffar ad-DinMuzaffar ad-Dinm&oomacr;zäf-färˈ äd-dēnˈ [key], 1853–1907, shah of Persia (1896–1907), son of Nasir ad-Din. A weak ruler, he borrowed money from Russia and failed to…

Ibn Taymiyya, Taqiyy ad-Din Ahmad

(Encyclopedia) Ibn Taymiyya, Taqiyy ad-Din AhmadIbn Taymiyya, Taqiyy ad-Din Ahmadĭbn tīmēˈyə [key], 1263–1328, Muslim theologian and jurist. He lived in Damascus after the collapse of the central…

Muhammad Ali, shah of Persia

(Encyclopedia) Muhammad Ali, 1872–1925, shah of Persia (1906–9), son of Muzaffar ad-Din Shah, of the Qajar dynasty. Muhammad Ali, who was an opponent of constitutional government, began to rule at a…

Muhammad Abduh

(Encyclopedia) Muhammad Abduh 1849–1905, Egyptian Muslim religious reformer. His encounter in 1872 with Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, in the Cairo mosque-university of al-Azhar, led to his transition from…

Nur ad-Din

(Encyclopedia) Nur ad-DinNur ad-Dinn&oomacr;r äd-dēn [key], 1118–74, ruler of Syria. He was the son of the conqueror Zangi, and he succeeded to power in 1145. He defeated the Seljuk Turks in Asia…

Nasir ad-Din

(Encyclopedia) Nasir ad-DinNasir ad-Dinnäˈsər äd-dēn [key], 1831?–1896, shah of Persia (1848–96). He and his able vizier, Mirza Taqi Khan, were responsible for shaking Persia from a long period of…